Working Women Essays - Gender Studies, Women In The Workforce

Working Women Working Women Jasleen Singh May 24, 2001 Professor Kenneth JandaProblem Even as far back as the United States independence, women did not possess any civil rights. According to Janda, this view is also known as protectionism, the notion that women mush be sheltered from life's harsh realities. Protectionism carried on throughout the general populations view for many decades until the 1920's when the women's movement started. Women finally received the right to vote in the Nineteenth Amendment. The traditional views of protectionism, however, remained in people's minds until the 1970's (Janda et al, 2000: 538-539). Around this time, women started to take on other roles outside the typical traditional role of housewife. Women were going to college, obtaining their degrees, and starting their careers. This step forward in women's independence came with much scrutiny. What was happening to working women, to their households, their family roles, and their children? Many people from many different nations have different views based on women's rights with regards to career choice. Nations have different beliefs on women's independence by working, a working mother's relationship with her children, and the affect on the child whose mother works. These beliefs, especially of a preschool child suffering if his/her mother works, are based upon an individual's religiosity and age. These issues are imperative to politics. Many countries are giving more civil rights to women to treat them as equals to men. Women, therefore, have more power and say in the government. Yet, how much power should the government allot to women while still protecting family values. Many citizens feel that family values are core to moral beings, and allowing women to have careers will affect the future generations. On the other hand, women are humans and citizens equal to men and must therefore have the same equality of opportunity. To see what other factors play a role in individual's beliefs is important for a political figure to take in consideration when proposing bills or campaigning for office in order to respond and appeal to their voters. Method and Theory The method of research used to fully understand a society's views on working mothers is simply designed. An analysis of the 1990-91 World Values Survey is possible through the SPSS program. In Citizen Politics, the World Values Surveys are a series of representative national surveys designed to provide an empirical base for the study of social and cultural change among the publics of societies throughout the world (Dalton, 1996: 289). The nations surveyed are the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany. In order to examine the dilemma of these beliefs, specific variables are chosen and run through the program using the results of the surveys. First, variables referring to women job independence and women and their children were analyzed across nation to understand what nations views on women workers. Then a cross tabulation of the variable KID.JOB (referring to the statement if a preschool child is affected by a working mother) across nation is analyzed. Then other cross tabulations of KID.JOB to religiosity (PIOUS) and age (AGE) across nation were run through SPSS to prove that these are factors in individuals beliefs toward this issue. These variables used together are essential to understanding society's views on women's career goals and how they affect the family. Theoretically, career oriented women has shaped the family and government. The general population within the nations agrees that working women are more independent and that they can still have relationships with their children. However, they also believe that preschool children suffer when their mothers work. Religiosity and age are both factors in this belief. A religious person would agree that the child suffers since the person is more concerned with traditional family values. Also, an older person would agree that a child suffers since they grew up in a decade in which families practiced the traditional gender roles. Data Analysis The United States, Great Britain, West Germany, France, and East Germany all differ in their views of women's civil rights. For example, the nations hold dissimilar ideas referring to women's independence. Most nations agree that having a job makes a woman independent according to Table 1 (Cross-tabulation of OWN.JOB across nation). Since the largest percentages for each nation agree

Skeletal Muscle essays

Skeletal Muscle essays The three types of muscle in the human body are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is responsible for around 40 percent of the bodys mass. Skeletal muscle however, is the only type of muscle that is voluntary. This means you must first send a message to your brain and tell it to do something, then you brain tells your body what to do (Kimball). The structure of skeletal muscle is not common to many other cells in the body. For one, muscle cells are multinucleated. This means that they have more than one nuclei. When speaking of muscle cells, the terms fiber and cell are used interchangeably. Because muscle fibers are not single cells, the parts are given different names. Muscle cells as seen from a microscope have a very unique shape. They appear to be elongated and striated in appearance (Kimball). The outermost layer of a muscle is the epimysium. According to the NDI Foundation s definition, this is a fibrous sheath around the entire muscle. Moving in from the epimysium is the perimysium. This connective tissue surrounds bundles of muscle fibers or cells. The bundles that the perimysium surrounds are called fasciculus. From there each of the individual muscle fibers are surrounded by a connective tissue called the endomysium. Each of the individual muscle fibers is a thin and elongated cylinder that in most cases exten ds as long as the muscle itself. The cell membrane of the muscle cell is called the sarcolemma. Below the sarcolemma is the sarcoplasm. The sarcoplasm is simply the cytoplasm of a muscle cell. In the sarcoplasm there are cellular proteins, various organelles and myofibrils. Myofibrils are many thread-like structures that contain contractile proteins. The myofibrils are composed of either myosin or actin protein filaments. The way that the myosin and actin are arranged gives the muscle its striated appearance. Within the actin molecule there are the filaments troponin...

Logical Forms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Logical Forms - Essay Example Manjoo also thinks that the proposal is contradictory in its idea that it is possible to prohibit big internet service providers from prioritizing their service to their affiliates and maintain internet openness at the same time. He is cynical to the efficacy of FCC’s proposal and is almost sure it will not deliver on what it promises (Majoo, 2014). According to this article, the attempt by the FCC is not important and it is set for confusion. This is evident in the article’s argument that the commission’s proposal is trying to safeguard the openness of the internet but the internet has always been open. There is an underlying implication that the attempt is therefore futile and it will do more harm than good. The article presents FCC’s proposal as confusing by asserting that it is presenting its proposal as leading to a win-win situation. The article implies that it will not be possible for the commission’s proposal to please both sides. The evidence that the article provides to support its claim that the proposal is futile is quite on point because since its inception, the Internet has always operated on an open-for-all basis. That notwithstanding, this evidence fails to factor in the incidences and possibility of big internet providers dealing unfairly and in a way that can cripple this openness. The same cannot be said about the article’s criticism of the move by the commission to invite the public to help decide on the best framework for its proposal (Majoo, 2014). The article presents FCC’s invitation for public comment on its proposal as unproductive. To criticize this move appropriately, the article uses the analogy of the Interior Department requesting for public opinion on how to run the Hoover Dam. The other warrant that the article provides to indicate the unproductiveness of this move is to parallel the ease of consumers telling their

Case Analysis of CUP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Case Analysis of CUP - Essay Example As an advisor to Derrick Westmuller, I would gladly advice him to use the CCC or Customer Care Center. A company won’t be able to function once the flow of the customer is not good. So it is just to protect the interest, satisfaction and happiness of the customer. With this great idea, many issues will be settled and would be very helpful for the company. Though at the start, this may be tough for every branch to adopt with, the expected result is very profitable for them. In fact there will be less work for the agent and the name of company will receive good feed backs. Remember that it is not the name of the Manager, members of the board or the agents, names that are on stake but the name of the company. It is true that most clients inquire on the same issues commonly normal issues. The price or fee that people pay in acquiring contacts from the insurance company is already expected or predicted but certain matters like not being contented with the service given by the agent and not giving immediate action to complains are very critical for the company. There may be a lot of negative speculations that may come from other employees of the firm but the focus must still be in the whole company and for its good. It may be that it can create undesirable misunderstanding between the duties of the agents and the call center employees if there would be specification of work.

LIFE EXAMINATION PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LIFE EXAMINATION PAPER - Essay Example Somehow, innate mental and physical characteristics, and ethno-racial, religious and financial backgrounds certainly have their significance in development of likes, dislikes, and priorities. Personal views and philosophies about life appear to be absolutely different in people, even the siblings that not only belong to the same parental lineage but also have experienced the same socialization process and environment at large. Therefore, the criticism seems justified that individuals enter the world carrying divergent codes of mind that decide and determine their future life and activities actually. Somehow, the importance of social interaction could not be refuted altogether due to the very reality that it surely turns biological man into a social individual, and teaches him the norms, values, mores, traditions and conventions that have been in vogue in the culture and/or society the individual belongs to; the same is also applied to me. Like other members of my society, I also belo ng to one specific ethno-racial community, which makes me distinctive from the people belonging to other groups co-existing in society. Though sometimes these feelings create my affiliations with in-groups and apathy for out-groups, these feelings never adopt the form of hatred or prejudice for others. It is perhaps because of my belonging to a well-educated, groomed and responsible family that I have learned the universal message of love and respect for all members of my social establishment without discrimination. Similarly, I have faith in my God, who has created all humans out of rotten clay, so having feelings of superiority simply means deviating from the statutes of divine law, actually, which declares all humans to be equal. I remember the influence of religion on my thoughts; since I was regularly taken by my parents to church on every Sunday, I obtained the basics of Christianity at a young age of my life. The life and sayings of Jesus Christ left indelible imprints on my mind, and I developed the views of caring for all and sundry without taking his/her background into the slightest consideration. I obtained primary and elementary education at a well-reputed school and studied the basics of sociology, history, theology and Western philosophy at high school. I also studied conflicts and wars taken place between people belonging to rival factions and groups. It also infused the passion of fighting against my rival nations and communities for the political and economic uplift of my nation. However, my years at college turned out to be more productive in respect of bringing tremendous alterations in my views about wars and battles. At college, I was taught the basics of business finance and commerce, and the role played by currency and transactions. It was really a wonderful experience for me. Since I had already obtained the knowledge of the barter system and other ways of earning in the discipline of cultural anthropology, the idea of business ethics and corporate culture particularly fascinated me. I also learned the changing of the vast world into a small global village just because of the wonderful inventions made by the great minds for the

Job Security And Motivation Of Employees

Job Security And Motivation Of Employees Information Technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT). IT is the area of managing technology and spans wide variety of areas that include but are not limited to things such as processes, computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages, and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the IT domain. IT provides businesses with four sets of core services to help execute the business strategy: business process automation, providing information, connecting with customers, and productivity tools. IT professionals perform a variety of functions (IT Disciplines/Competencies) that ranges from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread further than the conventional personal computer and network technologies, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs. In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education) is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009. DOMAIN OF THE IT INDUSTRY: A wide variety of services come under the domain of the information technology industry. Systems architecture Database design and development Networking Application development Testing Documentation Maintenance and hosting Operational support Security services GROWTH POTENTIAL: The strong demand for electronic hardware and software in India has been fuelled by a variety of drivers including the high growth rate of the economy, emergence of a vast domestic market catering to the new generation of young consumers, a thriving middleclass populace with increasing disposable incomes and a relatively low-cost work force having advanced technical skills. Indeed, the Government has also identified growth of this sector as a thrust area as there remains great expectation for significant growth given the fairly low levels of penetration of technology among the 1.1 billion populations; there were only 60 million Internet users in 2009, 7 million DVD players and personal computers were sold in 2008-09, and 11 million new mobile subscribers were added every month in the same period. In this scenario there is now a big opportunity to step up the production to gain higher global share besides meeting the domestic demands. The Indian IT sector has also built a strong reputation for its high standards of software development ability, service quality and information security in the foreign market- which has been acknowledged globally and has helped enhance buyer confidence. The industry continues its drive to set global benchmarks in quality and information security through a combination of provider and industry-level initiatives and strengthening the overall frameworks, creating greater awareness and facilitating wider adoption of standards and best practices. FUTURE OF INDIAN IT INDUSTRY: The Indian IT sector persists to be one of the flourishing sectors of Indian financial system indicating a speedy expansion in the coming years. As per NASSCOM, the Indian IT exports are anticipated to attain US$ 175 billion by 2020 out of which the domestic sector will account for US$ 50 billion in earnings. In total the export and domestic IT sector are expected to attain profits amounting to US$ 225 billion along with new prospects from BRIC nations and Japan for its outsourcing operations. The industry is likely to continue growing from strength to strength, as local players incorporate best in class practices from global counterparts whilst retaining their edge in terms of lower cost of labor and focused governmental investments. New graduates with degrees in related fields such as electrical engineering and computer science can hope to achieve significant professional growth and a healthy remuneration from companies looking to hire the best talent available, given the high proportion that leave to pursue jobs in this sector overseas. IT professionals perform a variety of duties ranging from data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, to the management and Administration of entire system. With the already high penetration of conventional personal computer and network technology, coupled with the growing convergence of information. In order to perform the complex functions required of information technology departments today, the modern Information Technology Department would use computers, servers, database and cryptography. The department would be made up of several System Administrators, Database Administrators and at least one Information Technology Manager. The group usually reports to the Chief Information Officer (CIO). FEATURES OF THE IT INDUSTRY AT A GLANCE: Economies of scale for the information technology industry are high. The marginal cost of each unit of additional software or hardware is insignificant compared to the value addition that results from it. Unlike other common industries, the IT industry is knowledge-based. Efficient utilization of skilled labor forces in the IT sector can help an economy achieve a rapid pace of economic growth. Adversely impacted by the recent rupee-dollar volatility and the slowdown in the global economy, the IT sector is treading cautiously on salary rewards. Therefore study of influence of the global crisis on employees is crucial. Introduction to variables Independent variable: Global Crisis Dependent variable: Job Security Motivation Global Crisis Since 2007, nations around the world experienced a series of major economic and financial problems. The events began with the financial crisis of 2007-2008, considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The 2008-09 global meltdown was a fallout of corporate greed, malpractices and lack of government control. Banks and companies collapsed for their own fault. While the band-aid came in the form of government bail-outs or, in simple terms, socialising private losses, one has to bear in mind that we are no longer looking at the prospect of failing companies or banks It resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. In many areas, the housing market also suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment. The crisis played a significant role in the failure of key businesses, declines in c onsumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a downturn in economic activity leading to the 2008-2012 global recession and contributing to the European sovereign-debt crisis. Job security Job security is the probability that an individual will keep his or her job and high level of job security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of becoming unemployed. There are several factors which affect job security such as economy, prevailing business conditions, and the individuals personal skills. It has been found that people have more job security in times of economic expansion and less in times of a recession. Also, some laws (such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964) bolster job security by making it illegal to fire employees for certain reasons. Unemployment rate is a good indicator of job security and the state of the economy and is tracked by economists, government officials, and banks. Typically, government jobs and jobs in education, healthcare and law enforcement are considered very secure while private sector jobs are generally believed to offer lower job security and it usually varies by industry, location, occupation and other factors. Personal factors such as education, work experience, job functional area, work industry, work location, etc., play an important role in determining the need for an individuals services, and impacts th eir personal job security. Since job security depends on having the necessary skills and experience that are in demand by employers, which in turn depend on the prevailing economic condition and business environment, individuals whose services are in demand by employers will tend to enjoy higher job security. To some extent, job security also varies by employment laws of each country. A worker in Continental Europe, if asked about his job security, would reply by naming the type of statutory employment contract he has, ranging from temporary (no job security) to indefinite (virtually equivalent to tenure in US universities but across the whole economy). However, peoples job security eventually depends on whether they are employable or not, and if businesses have a need for their skills or not, so although employment laws can offer some relief and hedge from unemployment risk, they only have a marginal contribution to job security of individuals. Individuals need to have the right skill set to have good job security. Job security index is a measure of job conditions. Developed by Scorelogix, Job Security Index is represents how economic factors, internet and computers, international trade and competition,outsourcing, off-shoring, job migration, etc., are impacting the demand and supply of employment. A higher Job Security Index for a region, such as a ZIP code, county or metropolitan statistical area (MSA), indicates that people in that region have a better opportunity of finding jobs and remaining employed. A lower Job Security Index for a ZIP or county means that job are relatively difficult to find and keep. Typically, cities and counties that have a larger concentration of government jobs or education related jobs have a higher Job Security Index values as these jobs are less impacted by the economy. Motivation The processes that account for an individuals intensity,direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal -specifically, an organizational goal. Three key elements: Intensity how hard a person tries Direction effort that is channelled toward, and consistent with, organizational goals Persistence how long a person can maintain effort Motivation is an individual internal process that energizes, directs, and sustains behaviour and acts as a personal force that causes us to behave in a particular way. Classical theories of motivation Maslows hierarchy of needs theory Abraham Maslow is well renowned for proposing the Hierarchy of Needs Theory in 1943. This theory is a classical depiction of human motivation. This theory is based on the assumption that there is a hierarchy of five needs within each individual. The urgency of these needs varies. These five needs are as follows- Physiological needs- These are the basic needs of air, water, food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic amenities of life. Safety needs- Safety needs include physical, environmental and emotional safety and protection. For instance- Job security, financial security, protection from animals, family security, health security, etc. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love, affection, care, belongingness, and friendship. Esteem needs- self- respect, confidence, competence, achievement ,freedom, recognition, power, status, attention and admiration Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you are capable of becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and self-contentment According to Maslow, individuals are motivated by unsatisfied needs. As each of these needs is significantly satisfied, it drives and forces the next need to emerge. Herzbergs Two Factor Theory of Motivation In 1959, Frederick Herzberg, a behavioural scientist proposed a two-factor theory or the motivator-hygiene theory. According to Herzberg, there are some job factors that result in satisfaction while there are other job factors that prevent dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, the opposite of Satisfaction is No satisfaction and the opposite of Dissatisfaction is No Dissatisfaction. Hygiene factors are those job factors which are essential for existence of motivation at workplace. These do not lead to positive satisfaction for long-term. But if these factors are absent / if these factors are non-existent at workplace, then they lead to dissatisfaction.It includes pay ,company policies,fringe benefits etc. Motivation factors According to Herzberg, the hygiene factors cannot be regarded as motivators. The motivational factors yield positive satisfaction. These factors are inherent to work. These factors motivate the employees for a superior performance. These factors are called satisfiers. It includes Recognition, sense of achievement, growth etc. Theory X and Theory Y In 1960, Douglas McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals (employees): one of which is negative, called as Theory X and the other is positive, so called as Theory Y. According to McGregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals is based on various assumptions. Assumptions of Theory X An average employee intrinsically does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible. Since the employee does not want to work, he must be persuaded, compelled, or warned with punishment so as to achieve organizational goals. A close supervision is required on part of managers. The managers adopt a more dictatorial style. Many employees rank job security on top, and they have little or no aspiration/ ambition. Employees generally dislike responsibilities. Employees resist change. An average employee needs formal direction Assumptions of Theory Y Employees can perceive their job as relaxing and normal. They exercise their physical and mental efforts in an inherent manner in their jobs. Employees may not require only threat, external control and coercion to work, but they can use self-direction and self-control if they are dedicated and sincere to achieve the organizational objectives. If the job is rewarding and satisfying, then it will result in employees loyalty and commitment to organization. An average employee can learn to admit and recognize the responsibility. In fact, he can even learn to obtain responsibility. The employees have skills and capabilities. Their logical capabilities should be fully utilized. In other words, the creativity, resourcefulness and innovative potentiality of the employees can be utilized to solve organizational problems. Thus, we can say that Theory X presents a pessimistic view of employees nature and behaviour at work, while Theory Y presents an optimistic view of the employees nature and behaviour at work Modern theories of motivation ERG theory of motivation To bring Maslows need hierarchy theory of motivation in synchronization with empirical research, Clayton Alderfer redefined it in his own terms. His rework is called as ERG theory of motivation. He recategorized Maslows hierarchy of needs into three simpler and broader classes of needs: Existence needs- These include need for basic material necessities. In short, it includes an individuals physiological and physical safety needs. Relatedness needs- These include the aspiration individuals have for maintaining significant interpersonal relationships (be it with family, peers or superiors), getting public fame and recognition. Maslows social needs and external component of esteem needs fall under this class of need. Growth needs- These include need for self-development and personal growth and advancement. Maslows self-actualization needs and intrinsic component of esteem needs fall under this category of need. McClellands theory of motivation David McClelland and his associates proposed McClellands theory of Needs / Achievement Motivation Theory. This theory states that human behaviour is affected by three needs Need for Power, Achievement and Affiliation. Need for achievement is the urge to excel, to accomplish in relation to a set of standards, to struggle to achieve success. Need for power is the desire to influence other individuals behaviour as per your wish. In other words, it is the desire to have control over others and to be influential. Need for affiliationis a need for open and sociable interpersonal relationships. In other words, it is a desire for relationship based on co-operation and mutual understanding. Goal setting theory In 1960s, Edwin Locke put forward the Goal-setting theory of motivation. This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance. In simple words, goals indicate and give direction to an employee about what needs to be done and how much efforts are required to be put in. Reinforcement theory Reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states that individuals behaviour is a function of its consequences. It is based on law of effect, i.e, individuals behaviour with positive consequences tends to be repeated, but individuals behaviour with negative consequences tends not to be repeated. Reinforcement theory of motivation overlooks the internal state of individual, i.e., the inner feelings and drives of individuals are ignored by Skinner. This theory focuses totally on what happens to an individual when he takes some action. Thus, according to Skinner, the external environment of the organization must be designed effectively and positively so as to motivate the employee. This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for individuals behaviour. However, it does not focus on the causes of individuals behaviour. Reinforcement theory explains in detail how an individual learns behaviour. Managers who are making attempt to motivate the employees must ensure that they do not reward all employees simultaneously. They must tell the employees what they are not doing correct. They must tell the employees how they can achieve positive reinforcement. Equity theory of motivation The core of the equity theory is the principle of balance or equity. As per this motivation theory, an individuals motivation level is correlated to his perception of equity, fairness and justice practiced by the management. Higher is individuals perception of fairness, greater is the motivation level and vice versa. While evaluating fairness, employee compares the job input (in terms of contribution) to outcome (in terms of compensation) and also compares the same with that of another peer of equal cadre/category. D/I ratio (output-input ratio) is used to make such a comparison. Assumptions of Theory The theory demonstrates that the individuals are concerned both with their own rewards and also with what others get in their comparison. Employees expect a fair and equitable return for their contribution to their jobs. Employees decide what their equitable return should be after comparing their inputs and outcomes with those of their colleagues. Employees who perceive themselves as being in an inequitable scenario will attempt to reduce the inequity either by distorting inputs and/or outcomes psychologically, by directly altering inputs and/or outputs, or by quitting the organization. Expectancy theory of motivation The expectancy theory was proposed by Victor Vroom of Yale School of Management in 1964. Vroom stresses and focuses on outcomes, and not on needs unlike Maslow and Herzberg. The theory states that the intensity of a tendency to perform in a particular manner is dependent on the intensity of an expectation that the performance will be followed by a definite outcome and on the appeal of the outcome to the individual. The Expectancy theory states that employees motivation is an outcome of how much an individual wants a reward (Valence), the assessment that the likelihood that the effort will lead to expected performance (Expectancy) and the belief that the performance will lead to reward (Instrumentality). In short,Valence is the significance associated by an individual about the expected outcome. It is an expected and not the actual satisfaction that an employee expects to receive after achieving the goals. Expectancy is the faith that better efforts will result in better performance. Expectancy is influenced by factors such as possession of appropriate skills for performing the job, availability of right resources, availability of crucial information and getting the required support for completing the job. The theory concentrates on the following three relationaships- Effort-performance relationship: What is the likelihood that the individuals effort be recognized in his performance appraisal? Performance-reward relationship: It talks about the extent to which the employee believes that getting a good performance appraisal leads to organizational rewards. Rewards-personal goals relationship: It is all about the attractiveness or appeal of the potential reward to the individual. Vroom was of view that employees consciously decide whether to perform or not at the job. This decision solely depended on the employees motivation level which in turn depends on three factors of expectancy, valence and instrumentality. Chapter 2 Review of Literature Lubna Rizvi D/O Dr Javed1* Khawaja Atif Siddiqui, 2012 The paper tells about the relationship of Motivation with organization climate, engagement, and job security in a service organization, where it is going through rightsizing. It study finds out as to how employees working in the organization perceive it and how much they feel connected to it. The level of competition in the media industry has intensified in recent years, driven by several factors such as the decline in household wealth, rising unemployment, rapid globalization, unclear economic picture. Viewers have also become extremely conscious, especially as other channels have come in the market with lot of good programming. In this scenario the aim of the organization is simply to grab as much market share as possible and that can only be done by giving attractive programming to viewers. Target will be achieved if the employees working in the organization are productive which can only be achieved if they are motivated. The focus is to examine the employee Motivation in relation to employee commitment, culture and job security. The climate of the organisation and the level of employee engagement also affects the motivation level of employees. Fatimah, O.1, Noraishah, D.2, Nasir, R.1 Khairuddin, R.1(2012) Economic instability around the world has resulted in many organizations having to lay off workers and also shutdown to save their business. This economic strain and stress have impact on the workers job satisfaction and well being through job insecurity. This paper examine the moderating effects of employment security on job security and job satisfaction and well being among workers in the banking sectors and manufacturing sectors who were most affected by the economic downturn. Participants were 600 workers of which 200 represented the workers who work in the bank, 200 in electronic industry and 200 in textile industry. They were randomly selected to participate in the research. A set of questionnaire comprising of Employment Security Scale, Job Security Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale and Well-Being Scale were used to measure the variables. Results from the multiple regression analysis showed that employment security did not moderate the relationship between job security and job sat isfaction and well being of workers. However, job security had a direct relationship with job satisfaction and well being of workers .Thus, result from this study implicated that it was not the employment security that worried the workers but the security of their job that they were holding that impacted on their job satisfaction and well-being. Impact of recession on Indian economy ET bureau Aug 8, 2011 The recession started in US has touched the boundaries of india. India is facing the position of recession as globalisation showing its negative scenario. It is a phase wherein rupee depreciates, cash crunches, money market slowdown, inflation rises. During this period it is difficult to get money from the pockets of individuals. If the producer starts reducing the price of the commodity believing that the customers will buy it, it can happen only when he cuts the cost of production. Cost cutting means reduction in variable cost. As the price of steel ,iron , equipments , machinery are touching sky , the only option left to reduce the cost is by reducing the employees. Hence people fear job security. In the fear of job security people are generally shifting their purchasing. Mehri, iqbal, hekmat, ishak,2011 To achieve the competitive advantage in the current changing and dynamic environment satisfied human capital has become a strategically very important for the organizations. During the past decade the financial crises has shattered the economic stability of different economies all over the world. A phenomenal change has been witnessed in the banking industry of Iran in recent years, due to the liberal reforms executed by the Central Bank of Iran and the effective restructuring of banks. This research demonstrates how a global financial crisis has recently affected the occupational and skill profiles of job in banking industry of Iran. Global economy woes force local workforce off for National Statistics(2009) Global economic firms have started to cut job in India as the economy worsens and chances of crisis in the western world aims business outlook forcing companies to scrap funds raising and MA plans. More than 200 have been laid of in investment banking. The Asian crisis of 1997 led to many including Dresdner and Societe General to close leaving scores countless. Decade later subprime crisis forced many such as Merrill and Credit Suisse to reduce headcounts. The European crisis has just started to impact. HSBC which planned to eliminate 30000 jobs worldwide has told 120 employees to search for new jobs, sacked 12 employees from executive positions from small and midium size enterprise while Credit Suisse ,the second biggest swiss financial services has already aid more than 14 people from India wealth management team A study on facets of HR during slowdown phase Ram Anand , Sr. Faculty ,IPE, Hyderabad Hr departments of Indian organisations have faced many issues in managing people during the slowdown phase. The role of HR and HR interventions administered in organisations during this phase served as an opportunity to survive and face the slowdown is the premise is studied in this paper. The comprehensive view on the various HR interventions during the downturn ensures an understanding of the HR strategies adopted by the organisations to overcome the slowdown phase. The intent of the paper is to provide a template for organisations to focus on HR interventions during slowdown phases which may occur in future. These strategies facilitate the organisations during the slowdown phase. Randall, Oct 2008 Many businesses have frozen wages and many have cut wages by as much as 10%. As the economy has started recovering, organisations income statements may be starting to look decent. But what would they look like with previous pay levels restored is the question. With unemployment around 10% ,employees retention hasnt been much of an issue but that wont last forever so it may be prudent to begin restoring compensation sooner rather than later, especially for key employees. During the meltdown some businesses eliminated entire job functions from overheads. Those cuts may not be sustainable in the growing economy, so a decision must be made. Many businesses hav deferred maintanence on buildings and equipments and cut back on employee training. Organisations cant afford to let important physical and human assest deteriorate. Tih Koon Tan, 2008 By using a sample of 277 firms from eight East Asian economies, the relationship between financial distress and firm performance during the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998 was tested. The crisis provides an exogenous shock which reduces the endogeneity issues between firm performance and leverage. The results from this study reaffirm that firms with low financial leverage tend to perform better than firms with high financial leverage. Additionally, the crisis magnifies the negative relationship between financial distress and firm performance. High leverage firms experience worse performance during a crisis. Limitation of the study is that the sample contains firms from eight countries. For those countries with an adequate number of firms, a separate study to analyze the individual country to provide more insights on what might be driving the results is planned. Chapter 3 Research Methodology Problem statement The research will be conducted to find out the impact of financial crisis on job security and motivation of employees working in the IT companies in Bangalore. The existing literature supports the view that the sensitivity of employee motivation and job security level magnifies during financial crisis.This study is important to company employees as it will show how the financial crises can disturb their jobs. Research design Based on different views of authors and literature review a conceptual framework was developed which determined the association between the impact of global crisis , job motivation and job security by a questionnaire. Correlation and Regression analysis was used to support the above model. Objective To study the relationship bet

Essay --

The Roaring Twenties introduced an innovative period of American Literature marked by an outpour of insightful experimentation. The yearning of characters to be accepted into societies they consider to be more prosperous than their own was a major theme explored by authors during this literary period. This desire is the foundation for The Great Gatsby (1925) written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The craving to belong prompts characters in social environments to portray themselves as different people. In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald highlights the pursuit of acceptance that leads characters to reject their past identities in an ineffective attempt to accomplish the illusive American dream. Fitzgerald writes The Great Gatsby set in New York state through the recountings of Nick Carraway, a self-proclaimed confidant. Nick travels from Minnesota to the West Egg district of Long Island in 1922 to learn the bond business. At the start of the American Modernist classic, Nick introduces to the reader his ancestry: "My family have been prominent, well-to-do people in this Middle Western City for three generations. The Carraways are something of a clan, and we have a tradition that we're descended from the Dukes of Buccleuch..." (7). These specific details that Nick presents suggest that his family descended from a family of nobility and prosperity; however, the Carraways' wealth originates from the development of a wholesales hardware business. Because of this underwhelming claim, readers often depict Nick Carraway as an image of aristocracy. Nick's desire to increase the respect, trust, and acceptance the reader will have for his narratives provokes him to levitate his social status to a more dignified class by embellishing the truth.... ...ordinate role of women during the 1920s. Fitzgerald uses adjectives associated with daintiness to display Daisy's identity that is accredited to the well-bred characteristics society associates with the upper class. With thought out mannerisms and calculated motions, Daisy has an almost unnatural quality about her. Towards the end of The Great Gatsby, Daisy is proven to be motivated by only the American dream of material possessions and social class. Through the various characters, the obsessive quest to belong to the collective whole is highlighted. The Great Gatsby never resolves the issues related to passing or self-denial as a means to attain happiness and success. However, the characters do exhibit the inevitable downfall associated with living a life of superficial and unreal existences. The reader learns that no good can come from lying to oneself or others.

The Bermuda Triangle Evidence and use of research

Trever Wack D Block Mrs. Griffin FCA’s 1. MLA documentation/works cited 2. THESIS STATEMENT 3. Evidence and use of research There is a place, it’s said where small boats, huge ships, and even powerful military vessels sail out into calm, clear weather†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and then just vanish†¦. without a trace (Lexington 1). This is the dreaded Bermuda triangle also referred to as the devil’s triangle (Bermuda Triangle 1). It is located off the southeastern coast of the United States in the Atlantic Ocean. The three points that create the triangle are Miami Florida, Bermuda, and San Juan Puerto Rico.It covers roughly 500,000 square miles (Obringer 1). Here, off the coast of Florida, is a vacation paradise: Clear water, white beaches, and warm weather, but legends warn this tropical beauty conceals a deadly secret. This unknown something, snatches people from the surface of the world, and vaporizes them as they were never here in the first place. There are few ideas as chilling as the thought that sometimes, in some places, for no reason, people simply disappear without a trace (Lexington 1).The Bermuda triangle is a well-known conspiracy resulting in the disappearance of flight 19, testimonies of the survivors, and known possible theories. The Bermuda triangle is well known today because of the disappearance of six Navy planes and their crew was on December 5, 1945 (Berlitz 21). The first five planes that disappeared, apparently simultaneously, were on a routine training mission with a flight plan designed to follow a triangular flight pattern. The pattern started at Naval Air Station at Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Then 160 miles to the east, 40 miles to the north, and then southwest back to their base (Berlitz 21).No incident before or since has been more remarkable than this total disappearance of an entire training mission, along with the giant rescue plane, a Martin Mariner with a crew of 13, which inexplicably vanished during rescue operat ions (Berlitz 21-22). Flight 19 contained five officer pilots and nine enlisted crewmembers. The planes were navy Grumman TBM-3 avenger torpedo bombers, and each carried enough fuel to enable it to cruise over 1000 miles (Berlitz 22). The weather that day was said to be clear and sunny, and according to planes that flew earlier that day, this was ideal flying conditions.The flight time calculated for this specific mission was two hours. The planes started taking off at 2 PM and by 2:10 PM they were all airborne (Berlitz 22). In command was Lieut. Charles Taylor, with over 2500 hours of flying time, who led the planes to where they would make their practice runs on a so called â€Å"target hulk† (Berlitz 22). Both pilots and crews were experienced airmen and there was no reason to expect anything other than usual nature to happen during this mission of. But something did happen†¦. and with a vengeance (Berlitz 22).At around 3:30 PM flight 19 could no longer hear messages from the tower, but the tower could hear conversations between the planes. Some of these messages referred to possible fuel shortages, references to 75 mile per hour winds, references to being lost, and the unnerving observation that every Gyro and magnetic compass in all the planes were off – â€Å"going crazy,† as it was reported at the time –each showing a different reading (Berlitz 23). At this time the personnel of the base were in an understandable uproar as news spread that flight 19 had encountered an emergency.Rescue crafts where dispatched, the rescue team consisted of a crew of thirteen aboard a Martin Mariner flying boat patrol plane, from the banana river naval air station. Minutes after the Martin Mariner the tower received a message from Lieut. Come, one of the officers of the Martin Mariner, dispatched to the general area where flight 19 was presumed to be, that there were strong winds above 6,000 feet. This, however, was the last message receive d from the plane (Berlitz 24). There was an immediate message sent out to other rescue vessels stating that six planes instead of five are now missing.The Martin Mariner had disappeared as well. The original and search, initiated on the day of disappearance, was suspended because of darkness, although Coast Guard vessel continued to look for survivors during the night. The following day, Thursday, December 6th, 1945, would be one of history’s most intensive search efforts ever recorded. The search effort involved 240 planes and 67 additional planes from the aircraft carrier Solomons, 4 destroyers, several submarines, 18 Coast Guard vessels, and Royal Navy units in the Bahamas, along with hundreds of private planes, yachts, and boats (Berlitz 24-25).Unfortunately despite all the rescue efforts, nothing was found of either flight 19 or the Martin Mariner. Although there have been many disappearances after flight 19 and the Martin Mariner, there are only few that are as signific ant as the disappearance of flight 19. January 29, 1948: Star Tiger, four engine Tudor IV, lost radio contact 380 miles northeast of Bermuda, plane lost with 31 passengers and crew. January 17, 1949: Star Ariel, sister ship of the Star Tiger, London to Santiago, Chile, via Bermuda and Jamaica, radio communications lost 380 miles south-southwest of Bermuda on course to Kingston.Airplanes are not only thing that had disappeared in the Bermuda triangle, major ships and disappeared as well. On March 4, 1918: U. S. Navy supply ship U. S. S . Cyclops, 500 feet, 19,000 tons displacement, sailed March 4 from Barbados to Norfolk with 309 aboard, no bad weather, no radio messages, no wreckage ever found. These are some of the most known disappearances in the Bermuda triangle, but what about people who have experienced strange occurrences in the Bermuda triangle and still survived to tell their tale?In his book â€Å"invisible horizons†, Vincent Gaddis devotes a section to the Bermuda t riangle. Vincent recalls acquiring a letter from an ex-airman, named Dick Stern, containing surprising information. Mr. Stern indicated in his letter that towards the cessation of 1944 he was on a flight going to Italy. The flight consisted of a group of seven bombers, about 300 miles off Bermuda, his plane suddenly experienced such violent and destructive turbulence they are obligated to return to the Amalgamated States.When this transpired the weather was clear, but due to the critically damaging turbulence the plane turned over and pitched so violently that the crew was thrown to the ceiling. The plane suddenly lost altitude to a point where it was virtually coerced into the ocean (Berlitz 65). When Mr. Stern returned to base he described that there was only one other plane left who had returned to the base safely out of seven when they originally left. There had been no radio contact with the other planes and no trace of anything left from the disappearance was found (Berlitz 66 ).Some years after Mr. Stern and his wife were on a flight from Bermuda to Nassau, when, by coincidence, Mrs. Stern was talking about the previous incident, and suddenly the plane lost altitude quickly and the plane shook violently. The food that they were eating flew to the ceiling. The plane perpetuated to elevate and fall for a quarter of an hour (Berlitz 66). This occurrence may be an example of clear air turbulence, which if rigorous or continued, would possibly cause some planes to be ripped apart and scattered all over the sea.In any case Dick Stern has the distinction of having encountered the same arbitrary and powerful force transpire twice at virtually the same place in the triangle†¦. and lived to tell about it (Berlitz 66). But how is the Bermuda triangle consuming so many ships and planes? The following five conceptions are considered myths because they're not supported by much scientific proof. Some people have speculated that sea monsters live in this particular area of the ocean and are just waiting for sailors and pilots to come by so they can seize their next victim.Maybe all of those people who have vanished are actually living in a third dimension that people can't even imagine (The Bermuda Triangle 1). An antediluvian philosopher, Plato, told about a lost continent called Atlantis. The story of Atlantis describes a beautiful continent that was ahead of its time and that sadly and mysteriously vanished or got swallowed up by the ocean. No one knows if the story of the lost continent is true but it has been linked to the mystery of the Bermuda Triangle. Some believe that Atlantis is right below The Triangle.People believe that if you make your way to deep below the oceans surface you would find the missing continent of Atlantis. But how does this explain the disappearing boats and planes? Does the continent just suction them under? Or are travelers going there intentionally on an endeavor to find Atlantis (The Bermuda Triangle 2)? The Bermuda Triangle is one of only two areas in the world where true north and magnetic north are the same. True north is considered the North Pole and magnetic north is a little different. This is because of magnetic fields in our atmosphere that pull compass readings a little bit away from true north.Because the two north’s line up in the Bermuda Triangle, magnetic compasses go crazy when they're utilized in this area. It could cause ship captains and pilots to get lost—perhaps forever (The Bermuda Triangle 2). The Bermuda Triangle is located in a very tumultuous and stormy area. Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes pass through the perfidious triangle. Many ships that have vanished in the area have vanished just before an immensely colossal storm when the waters are especially dangerous and hard to navigate (The Bermuda Triangle 2).Imagine being a sailor and heading through the Bermuda Triangle – what an adventure! People may never know the truth about t his weird and abstrusely cryptic environment but it's pretty cool to contemplate the possibilities! The Bermuda triangle is a well-known conspiracy resulting in the evaporation of flight 19, statements from the survivors, and known possible theories. The Bermuda triangle is a mysterious place where flight 19 vanished and to this day we have no plausible reason of why. Not only did flight 19 disappear, many others have vanished without a trace or explanation.There are not many survivors today, but they are the lucky ones, the ones that are here to tell their tale. Most of the tales told will all have the same basic plot. That plot is that they fly, or sail, into clear weather, loose radio connectivity†¦and vanish. A lot of people have come up with some crazy explanations of why the Bermuda triangle snatches boats or planes. Some of these reasons are not plausible at all though! Some think that there is super nature controlling all, but who knows? Is there a Bermuda triangle? Or is it just a made up spoofed conspiracy?Works Cited â€Å"Bermuda Triangle. † Man, Myth & Magic, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion and the Unknown. 1974. Lexton, Daniel. â€Å"The Bermuda Triangle. † Skeptic 1. 2003. 96B. elibrary. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. Obringer, Lee Ann. â€Å"How the Bermuda Triangle Works. † 02 Aug 2006. Howstuffworks. com. Snow, Edward Rowe. â€Å"Supernatural Mysteries and Other Tales. † New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1974. Print. â€Å"The Bermuda Triangle: Exploring the Mystery of this Underwater Wonder. † Kidsworld Magazine. Spring 2011: pi 1. General One File. Web. 10 May 2012.

Variable

Operational Definition of Variables Construct/Variable Security risks The major benefit of outsourcing is normally the reduction of costs and maximization of efficiency. To ensure its success, a company usually focuses on finding the best firm to contract a job.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Operational Definition of Variables Construct/Variable specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The off-shore IT services should be handled with a lot of care as it serves as the back bone of the company. In the present age, emerging issues like computer crimes and increased government involvement in the private businesses has questioned the viability of out sourcing the IT services (Beaver, 2011). In most cases, outsourcing usually revolves around the electronic assets of the company. This will include financial information or ideas. Therefore, Outsourcing greatly increases the chances of something going wrong. Since data is shared among various different users. Therefore, it is evident that privacy is limited and loss of data is often looming. Even though most of the IT consulting companies are known to be trustworthy and responsible in nature, not all are perfect. A company may never fully know or comprehend the down side of the company it is outsourcing from. This is usually learnt after they suffer loss of data or violation of integrity (Wejman, 2006). It is true that there is a relationship between IT outsourcing and outsourcing risks. By outsourcing a particular service, in this case the IT services, the company is always at significant risk. Topping the list of risks is that the company losses privacy of its confidential information. Additionally they are not fully aware of any hidden intentions especially from rouge employees who form the outsourced company. When the IT services are held within the company, it is not exposed to such risks but after outsourcing or taking those services off-shore, they have entered into unknown waters. The risk level in outs ourcing is therefore very high. Legal Issues IT outsourcing is known widely to involve contracts hence the need to have lawyers to represent the clients on both sides to agree on the contract terms and conditions. The contracts are required to be formulated in such a way that they serve the interest of the two parties. The experience of the lawyers is vital as it goes an extra mile in pointing out to the client the various pitfalls in deals involved in outsourcing.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The terms are important as they protect the two parties from each other and they indicate their working environment. The contract between the two parties should explicitly indicate the work required to be performed, the time scale of the project (beginning and deadlines), the pay structure and cycle and method/ways of resolving conflict between the parties (Canadian Insti tute of Chartered Accountants, 2003). Organizational Information Threats There are risks that the systems might fail or due to lack of integrity, information may be tampered with. In relation to this, the organizations ability on constructing sound decisions is also jeopardized.since in an outsourcing scenario, functions are carried out by different personnel governed by different management and undertaken in a different environment. In this kind of an arrangement, the employer instructs the outsourcing company to document its activities but in most cases, this may not be done as accurately as they wanted hence it may be substandard. The risk levels therefore are high (Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, 2003). Organizational Performance Performance of the organization is directly affected by all departments. Failure of one department might greatly affect the overall organizational goals of success. If outsourcing the IT service by the organization goes according to plan, t he performance will be upheld. The outsourcing firm should be able to meet the defined standards of performance of the employer to ensure its relevance to the employer. References Beaver K. (2011) Outsourcing IT services: Is it worth the security risk? Retrieved from https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Outsourcing-IT-services-Is-it-worth-the-security-risk Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. (2003). Information technology  outsourcing. Toronto. Houseman et al (2006).Outsourcing, Offshoring, and Productivity Measurement in U.S. Manufacturing. New York; Sage.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Operational Definition of Variables Construct/Variable specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wejman, B. (2010) Continental Airlines: Outsourcing IT to Support Business Transformation. International Journal of Communication, 2 (1), 19-25.

Embargo on Cuba essays

Embargo on Cuba essays 1959 was the date when a Cuban militant trained by the United States, took control of Cuba. His name was Fidel Castro, and he declared Cuba to be a Marxist-Leninist state, which is another term for a communist state(C.P.F. 1). He issued anti-American policies which included the expropriation of Americans property in Cuba, and becoming allies with the Soviet Union(C.P.F. 1). In October of 1960, an Embargo on Cuba was issued by President Eisenhower. In 1961, the Americans lead an assault known as The Bay of Pigs to assassinate Castro from power, which turned out to be one of Americas biggest failures in history. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy made it illegal for Americans to travel to Cuba. The Cuban Assets Control Regulations were brought in to affect on July 8, 1963 under the Trading With the Enemy Act( U.D.O.T. 1). This was put in to affect to deprive Cuba from any U.S. Dollars. These events that took place over four years led to years of turmoil between the U.S. and Cuba. Is it right to put these economic sanctions on Cuba? We are just hurting the people when we do this; but then again, if we do take the sanctions off, we are approving of Castros form of government. According to President George W. Bush, every dollar that we give to Cuba just goes to help line Castros pocket(W.F. 2). Cubas main source of income is from tourism. The people of Cuba could not survive without it. Before the embargo, America was Cubas biggest financial support in tourism. The embargo has lead to starvation, and a poor quality of life for most Cubans. One of the American governments supports is that when visitors go there, they are kept in tourist areas they never get to see what really goes on. That is completely false. Tourists get to stay wherever they would like. There are hotels all over Cuba to choose from. If America ends the embargo, will Cuba stay in this poverty forever, or is it C...

A Business Plan for the Important, Sale, and Eventual Production of Essay

A Business Plan for the Important, Sale, and Eventual Production of MDMA - Essay Example For the Love of Molly: A Business Plan for the Important, Sale, and Eventual Production of MDMA This has encouraged even those that might otherwise have a moral compunction against such an activity to engage in the sale and trafficking of illegal substances. In this dystopian world, one in which executive decree hearkens back to the divine right of kings and a simple suspicion of possible future crime can have one indefinitely interred in a maximum security zone, the following analysis will seek to provide the reader with an informed way in which this author would seek to establish a United States ecstasy enterprise. In such a way, a focus upon seeking first to develop imports of the drug into a robust network of suppliers, then seeking to shift from importation to domestic production as a means of serving the demand that has been created will be discussed. Finally, a level of analysis will be put forward with regards to the best way of seeking to distribute and retail these products to the end consumer. Firstly, in order to base a level of business upon the importation of ecst asy, it must be realized that almost all trade and business development is based upon trust and personal connections with individuals that business is being performed with. As such, seeking to foster connections within South East Asia with government officials, mafia kingpins, and military juntas is a good first step in forging the personal connections that will be required in order to create a U.S. import economy for ecstasy. Due to the fact that ecstasy’s prime ingredient, sassafras oil - also known as camphor oil, can only be harvested from sassafras trees, seeking to develop close ties with individuals that have access to camphor oil supplies internationally is a logical and intelligent first step (Singer 112). The supply of ecstasy around the world generally originates within South East Asia; an area of the world that is notoriously corrupt and if one is in fact arrested for a crime, a bribe can easily be paid in order to have the individual released and the â€Å"crime forgotten† (Cherry 18). The enterprising young business person from the United States would do well to remember that the legal system within these far flung reaches of the world, although just as Draconian as the United States on the surface, does not have the severity as far as punishment goes as long as an individual has ready cash on hand to buy out the correct officials. As such, in seeking to establish a resilient import economy for ecstasy, once these personal relations are solidified, it is necessary to begin to insure that the delivery mechanisms for the drug will not be challenged. Numerous individuals seeking to import raw MDMA from South East Asia have been foiled by hit or miss US Customs enforcement. Random searches and seizures of entire vessels laden with MDMA worth untold millions on the street have occurred in the recent past. As such, seeking to integrate with the supply chain by importing the drug the old fashioned way is both foolish and highly dangerous. A far more effective approach would be to leverage what few others have considered can be done; the bribery of US Customs officials. Naturally, with the current state of propaganda that exists within the American media, such a thought is not even presently in the mind of anyone within society (Fitzgerald 201). Individuals have been led to wrongly believe that bribery within the United States is something that merely cannot exist. However, with the ever increasing hardship that the

Discuss how Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' (winner of the uk Essay

Discuss how Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' (winner of the uk carneagie prize) along with Louisa m Alcott's 'Little Woman' an - Essay Example In looking at three novels from three different time periods, the examples of how children’s literature have both evolved and stayed surprisingly the same can be appreciated. Little Women by Louisa May Alcott provided a template for society during the 19th century, the efforts of the sisters in her story framed by the social construction that defined the culture of the time. In Swallows and Amazons, by Arthur Ransome, the stories are based upon the adventures of children as two groups meet and interact, one group in a dinghy named Swallow, and the other group in a dinghy named Amazon. The stories were written in the early 20th century creating a reflection of the moral discourse and the nature of perceived childhood of the time period. The last novel, The Graveyard Book, written by Neil Gaiman, was published in 2008 and reflects the darker aesthetics that have emerged in the last decade. The three novels provide rich insight into the changing nature of children’s litera ture, while also providing context for the similarities that exist within the genre that have transcended time. Childhood and Children’s Literature The history of children’s literature is long and filled with imaginative methods in which the world was interpreted for the younger mind. Through stories that granted a message of morals, ethics, politics, sexuality, gender, or social construction, children have been instructed on how to understand many of the complex issues of life. According to Lerer (2008, p. 1), â€Å"The history of children’s literature is inseparable from the history of childhood, for the child was made through texts and tales he or she studied, heard, and told back†. The nature of children’s literature is within its ability to transform thought, to define a topic that will influence the way in which that topic is experienced and framed by the child who has been exposed something specific within a story. Stories provide context fo r the many experiences that seem too large or beyond the scope of a child’s ability to comprehend. A story can break something into smaller pieces that will be more easily digested, thus creating a broader and more developed understanding. Childhood has been framed throughout history, although its modern concept is a relatively new idea. Furthering the nature of modern childhood, the child is now considered for investment, through both economic and emotional considerations that in previous societies were not nurtured. Children became important as they proved their importance. Marx Wartofsky, a twentieth century philosopher, stated that a child is â€Å" what they are taken to be by others and what they come to take themselves to be, in the course of their social communication and interaction with others† (Lerer 2008, p. 2). Therefore, the way in which the communication between literature and the child is developed is through the nature of the social connection that is made between society and childhood. As children rose in viability as a consumerist segment of society for which advertisers could focus their wares, the nature of engaging the imagination began to evolve to a higher level. Stories such as Rudyard Kipling’s Jungle Book, J. M. Barrie’s Peter Pan, and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll are were conceived in that late 19th century time period as