Econometrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Econometrics - Essay ExampleMoreover, the circulate plots of income versus usage and income versus investment are also plotted. The graphs exhibition that the real plots of all the variables except the government non- occupy income show fluctuating trends with alternative peaks and troughs in the period of analysis. The correlograms of all the variables except the government non-wage income become zero from the thirdly order ones. This shows that all the variable except the government non-wage income show fluctuating trends in the period of analysis. governance non-wage income show steady rising trend in the period of analysis. The correlogram of this variable is not gradually declining and frame the same. The scatter plots show that there is a significant positive correlation between income and consumption .Though a positive correlation can be seen income and investment, it is not so significant compared to the previous one.The OLS attachment for consumption shows perfect mo del fit. The coefficients for wage income and profit income are positive and significant. One portion rise in wage income leads to a significant rise of 19 percent consumption while one percent rise in wage income leads to a significant rise of 79 percent in consumption. The actual and fitted values of Consumption shows perfect fit as shown from the graphs in appendix 2. The 2SLS estimation shows that only wage income is significant in determining consumption .Here the coefficient for wage income has increased to 81.6 percent compared to the OLS estimation. At the same magazine profit income lost its significance here. The actual and fitted vales show perfect fit in this case also.For the estimation of investment with OLS, flow and lagged values of profit income are positive and significant while lagged value of roof stock is significant and negative in determining investment. One percent rise in current and lagged

Unit 3 Introduction to American Court System Essay

Unit 3 Introduction to American Court System - Essay fontMoreover, this strategy declines a hierarchical manikin of searching justice and favors the coordinate model (Dammer & Albanese, 2010). The coordinate model exercised by this system divides authority for developing, giving evidence and deciding on the verdict. This division checks power among the eventual(prenominal) decision makers. Therefore, this system manifests the publics sovereignty, eliminates government abuse, and finally averts lawyers abuse.The rule of evidence incorporated by this system has an overall effect on the capacity of the system to identify truth because of delay. Subjection of both(prenominal) parties on the same formalities events to scant comfort. This will not guarantee a fair result because it is inadequate at the conceptual level (Leo, 2009). Moreover, inequality amid the parties leads to unjust advantage for the trial because the rules of evidence comport the accused. This system is also defic ient because of its inequality. This is because substantial responsibility is within the power of the lawyers for the accused. This is a weakness of this system because there is no re investation for the accused.Conclusively, this system requires a neutral fact seeker. It encourages the contrasting sides to search and present their most persuasive evidence. However, the fact seeker is forbidden from making judgments before winding up the

Best Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Best Practices - Essay ExampleMoreover, as we all know that without contraries there is no progression. Thus, the notion of top hat practice becomes a deterrent for a progressive state and its citizens or employees. Thus programs, initiatives or activities which argon considered leading edge, or exceptional models for others to follow, for achieving a minimum standard that are that are successful and sustaincapable in social and environmental name and can be readily adopted by other individuals or organizations. Hence, it has basic links to Taylorism1, fantastic management, minimizing inefficiency and ultimately increasing labour output thus maximizing revenue. Another general aspect is slightly synthesizing an Organizations broad range of experience from programme, projects, and makes it widely available to all, from policy-makers to practitioners.Thus, lift out practice may be delimitate as a superior method or innovative practice that contributes to the improved per classan ce of an organization, ordinarily recognized as best by other peer organizations. However, in establishing something as a best practice, it raises serious issues about how we determine what is a best practice to begin with. Again, in understanding best practices in relation to Production and Operations Management industries one must first understand their nucleus values with analogies. The assumptions about Production and Operations Management must be elaborated, first, to support or have its stereotypical paradigms, by which they are established in the world of economics and corporate jargon.Production implies goods or services that must satisfy the human needs or requirement and by transforming resources to outputs in the form of goods or services by the means of physical resources or physically driven resources. But takings management has intrinsic conveyment with the value added processes by the harvestive use of resources. And management processes in font of high product ivity always seeks to eliminate waste, use improved technology, better production and operations design, involve better leadership management, produce better quality of goods, reduce material input, improved utilization of resources, strategical reduction in working capital requirements, reduction in inventory size, and improvement in men skills through training to say the least. Thus, two main objectives of product and operations management involves are product selection and understanding the product life cycle within the organized unitary body of interacting components that are inter-dependent and part of the suprasystem. This leads to process planning that assesses productibility. Nevertheless, management regarding best practices tends to value standardization against specialization. However, does true standardization bring down production Best practices are not always effective in every domain they are implemented. A related concern is that when network managers realize that multiple standards may be required to succeed their goals, they may become overwhelmed trying to discern the differences among popular frameworks and thus not effectively be able to implement best practices customized for their singular organization. Identification and implementation

Short Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

rook Answers - Essay ExampleBecause of the vast territory, there emerged a more global culture within the city-states which integrates their tasteful styles into a single art form which we now call Hellenistic art (Greek Art 1).The innocent period has emphasized the shift from depicting gods and goddesses with their ideal forms into human beings in their natural state. This has been continued in the Hellenistic period yet the artist of the Hellenistic era expanded his formal horizons with dramatic posing, brush lines, and high contrast of light, shadow and emotions (Greek Art 2. From the simple depiction of Poseidon or Zeus in the guiltless era, the Hellenistic art comes up with more dramatic masterpieces such as the sculpture of Antinous which imparts deeper emotion. It should also be noted that the subtle implications of greatness and humility of the classical era are replaced with bold expressions of energy and reason (Greek Art 3). The classical periods Charioteer of Dephi even though recognized for the severity of movements is relatively static when compared to the Hellenistic periods son Jockey which highlights tension.Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are considered the three greatest thinkers in Greece.

An inconvenient truth (Movie report) Movie Review

An inconvenient truth ( report) - Movie reassessment ExampleSome men heeded Marshs c exclusively(a) and forest reserves were established curtly after. Meanwhile, John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club helped in the establishment of the Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Park because he believed that all living things had a part to play in the subsistence of the whole world, and must be uphold because they exist.From these early efforts sprung worldwide environmental organizations calling for a more ethical use of the earths resources. By 1972, out of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, the Stockholm declaration was born The Declaration recognized man as both a creature and molder of his environment, acknowledged the role of the environment in the sustainability of mankind, and mandated man to protect his environment (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment). It demanded accountability in all citizens and communities, enterprises and institutions to s hape the future of the environment. From the early awareness of the importance of nature to mans survival came an consciousness that the orb is a living being. In 2010, the Earth Declaration (World Peoples Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth) afforded Mother Earth with equal rights as humans. It was perhaps the first account to compel nations to recognize the interdep nullifyence of life on the planet and that in an interdependent living association it is not possible to recognize the rights of only human beings without causing an imbalance within Mother Earth (World Peoples Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth).I mention these developments in the environmental movement because I wish to believe that climate change will not end the world, instead, it will help man discover who he truly is. George Mash once said,The fact that, of all organic beings, man alone is to be regarded as essentially a destructive power, and that he wields en ergies to put out which,

Revenue Management in Hospitality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Revenue Management in Hospitality - Assignment ExampleThe top 20 free radical parks in trade union America hold in reported a invertebrate footfall of 135.1 trillion with an annual rise of 2.7% over its 2012 levels, whereas top 10 theme parks in Latin America have witnessed a 3.8% growth in foot fall. Such increased level of foot fall is characterised by growth in leisure and international travels. Leisure travels witnessed an absolute growth of 11% from 2004 2013, whereas international arrivals saying a growth of 51%. The total visits of the top 20 theme parks in North America saw an absolute growth of 17% from 2004 2013, while the US population grew at 9% over the years.Disneyland opened in 1955 and Disneyland California Adventure was established in the year 2001 and offers host of serve that include attractions, rides, shows, refreshment stands, merchandise shops and diners which are clubbed under various names like Carls land, Condor flats, Hollywood land, Buena view s treet, paradise wharf, pacific wharf and bugs land. It also extended its service portfolio to resorts and spas. Disney resorts have 2400 rooms, throng space of 180,000 and 50 vacation clubs. Down town Disney is another attraction that is spread across 15 acres that offers entertainment, dining and shopping facilities. It is next to Disneyland and Disney California adventure ((Disneyland. 2015a).Though Disneyworld is the market leader in the theme park industry, it still faces acute direct competition from Merlin entertainment and Universal studios. Disneys theme park has witnessed highest total attendance of 132.5 million compared to Merlin and Universal groups 59.8 million and 36.3 million. Merlin entertainment and Universal studio have witnessed high growth rate in foot falls from 2010 2013. All the three theme park groups have presence across various regions twin US, Europe, Middle East and Asia. Merlin has more than 10 theme parks in different states of the US that makes Disn ey and Universal studios the only competitors in

Contract Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract Law - Case Study ExampleAs a consequence, Alan loses 15,000 on advertising, 7,000 on advanced bookings and 8,000 prospective profit from a wedding party who wanted to take all over the whole restaurant for one night.(a) Standards of Contractual Duty The general rule is that effect of a geld should be precise and exact. A party performing an obligation under a declaration essential perform that obligation only within the time frame set by the contract and exactly to the standard required by the contract. Whether the alleged action satisfies this criterion is a question to be answered by construing the contract, so as to see what the parties meant by performance, and then applying the ascertained facts to that construction, to see whether that which has been done corresponds to that which was promised. If there is a slightest deviation from the terms of the contract, the party not in default will be entitled to presuppose that the contract has not been performed, will be entitled to sue for damages for bruise, and, in certain field of studys, to cull to be discharged(Re Moore&Co. and Landauer & Co.)(1) It can be said that only if the deviation is microscopic will the contract be taken to have been correctly performed, for de minimis non curat lex(2) A party who does not render precise and exact performance of a contract is nevertheless exceptionally treated as having performed to some extent where that party has attempted(tendered) performance but the other party has prevented that performance, and in certain cases where there has been partial performance of an entire obligation. In Alans case ASL had a contractual duty to supply the oven on time as per the terms of the contract, something they didnt do. It was not that they could not have performed it as it was not an impossible task to perform. It was rather that they chose not to do it. Stipulations as to time for performance in Contract Law Where a time was fixed for performance of an lyi ng-in by one of the parties to the contract, the common law as a general rule held this to be of the shopping center of the contract. This phrase is often used but is capable of causing confusion because the question relates not to the contract as a whole but to the particular term that has been breached.(3) If the condition as to time was not fulfilled, the other party might treat the contract as broken and elect to end it.(4) For instance, in a contract for the sale of a flat where time was slated to be of the essence, the vendor was entitled to terminate when the purchaser tendered the price 10 minutes late.(5) In Alans case time was an essence of the contract Everything at Alans end depended on him getting the timely supply of the oven from ASL.Discharge of Contract by Breach If one of the two parties to a contract breaks an obligation which the contract imposes, a new obligation will in every case arise - an obligation to pay damages to the other party in respect of any bols hie or damage sustained by the breach. Besides this, there are circumstances under which the breach not only gives rise to a right of action for damages but also gives the bare party the right to decide not to render further performance under the contract and to be discharged from its obligations.(6) In principle, an innocent party who does not

Pallitive care week 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pallitive care week 7 - Essay spokespersonThe BSN nurses are more experienced and learned than the diploma-prepared nurses (Joishy, 1999).Physician-assisted suicide is offered to the patient by a medical wellness professional as a means of ending the patients life. Ethical issues raised implicate the quality of life, autonomy, and acting on the best interests of the patient. The patient has the right to refuse medical treatment so far when the nurse or the physician believes that the treatment is for the best interest of the patient.In such a situation, keep back the treatment of the patient as requested is not assisting the patient to die but rather a show of free-will and dignity towards the patient. The main challenge is the definition of what the patients best interests are and the denomination of who should be allowed to determine the best interests, and if they can be met by administering a certain treatment or withdrawing it (American Society of Registered Nurses, 2010).A merican Society of Registered Nurses. (2010). Dilemma for nurses Physician-assisted suicide. Retrieved from

Diacyl Glycerol in the Context of Diabetic Nephropathy Assignment

Diacyl Glycerol in the Context of diabetic Nephropathy - Assignment ExampleDiabetic nephropathy is a serious diabetes complication characterized purposely by albuminuria and glomerular hyperfiltration and it is one of the closely known common sources of a final stage of renal failure, especially in the western world. It is characterized by a massive growth of the extracellular matrix with coagulation of the tabular basement covering and the glomerular. A buildup of extracellular matrix proteins such a laminin, fibronectin, and collagen are known to cause mesangial enlargement making close of the kidney cellular elements targets of hyperglycemic damage. During hyperglycemia, the levels of glucose in the proximal tubular cells are increased causing dkg levels to increase (Tomino 16). The DAG accumulation leads to the activation of PKC and overproduction of TGF- which may be a negative feedback of intracellular cell accumulation. through the de novo amalgamation of diacylglycerol ( DAG) protein kinase C is activated which leads to further activation of other intracellular indicators in transduction systems like the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). The activation of the three pathways DAG, ERK and PKC are one of the most significant molecular mechanisms of the progression and ontogeny of diabetic nephropathy (Becker, Bilezikian, Bremner et al 957). By inhibiting the three paths there was a prevention to the development of glomerular dysfunction in diabetic people which proved the hypothesis that the three paths are important in diabetic nephropathy. Thiazolidinedione compounds inhibited PKC activation by ensuring that the DAG kinase was activated which prevented albuminuria, glomerular hyperfiltration and the excessive manufacturing of extracellular matrix proteins for Type 1 diabetes. Researchers have confirmed the signing of the activation of the three pathways in the growth of glomerular dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. Pathophysiology due to a pro blem with the signaling pathway DAG is an upriver deactivator of PKC, a pathway responsible for the excessive formation of urine in the kidneys. When DAG has activated it ensures get the hang of urine in the urine bladder by relaxing its muscles regularly.

Understand the scope of marketing communications Assignment

Understand the scope of merchandise communications - Assignment Example useful communication plays a vital role in advertising and promotion because it provides ways to convey capacity to the target audience. Communication is a process between two or more parties, one provides information and other receives information. The aim of merchandise communication is to provide relevant information to the buyers and tempt their buying behaviour. In advertising and promotional campaigns marketing communication process works dynamically and by using effective advertising and promotional strategies organisations strengthen their businesses and products.Communication is considered as toneblood of the organisation, which means without communication no organisation fag end survive. The communication process that is used by business organisations to market their products and services is known as marketing communication, organisations adopt effective communication strategies to endorse a prod uct, service or organisation whit the accusative to increase sale. In advertising and promotion organisations communicate message to relevant audience through diverse channels such as television, internet, radio, print (publications), and word of mouth.In todays world marketing communication has significant impact on massess life because it influences day to day life of people in distinguishable manner. The media of marketing communication use different ways to interact with people and influence their life through effective communication. The success of marketing communication depends on its ability to influence people buying behaviour through promotion and advertising. Organisations use marketing communication techniques to compete with competitors and reached to potentiality customers to sell their products and services (Madhavaram, Badrinarayanan, & McDonald, 2005).American Marketing Association define marketing as an organisational function, consists on different activities for creating, communicating, and delivering value to

Analysis of Business Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Analysis of Business Planning - investigate Paper ExampleBusiness plans have both weak and strong components that be unique to single plans and railway linees. The plan focuses on a beauty and hair salon called Trend Setters Hair Studio. It begins by presenting an administrator summary of the salon business. The mission and motto of the salon are every bit mentioned (B Plan, 2012). After the introduction, the plan provides inbred keys to the successes of the salon business. A summary of the company that take ons a summary of how the company began operations is present in the summary. The business plan on Trend Setters Hair Studio later reveals the products and services within the business. These include hair (weaves, and relaxers), nails (manicured and sculptures) and skin care (waxing and massages). The plan also offers a summary of the strategy and implementation of diverse strategies of the company. This aspect of the plan mentions the approaches that management should tak e to address the problems that may arise from competitors. The management of the salon equally presents figures for their intercommunicate sales in the next three years (Becherer & Helms, 2009). The business plan presents milestones of the salon business that includes details of salon activities. For example, necessary finances in the running of the salon business are mentioned. The projected cash flow in the salon business is equally presented in the plan. Finally, the plan has an appendix that explains most(prenominal) of the figures in the business plan (Bangs, 2002). Brians Book Barn Business Plan This plan focuses on a book barn business that dates from May 1998. The plan begins by describing the business in a go off manner. It states that the business is a store that deals with books and magazines (Canada / British Columbia Business run Society, ND). It is located in Ladbrokes and aims to support the culture of reading to members of this community. The plan also suggests that the community where such an organization is situated lacks such a business. This means that the business is likely to flourish because of minimal competition. The plan reveals the ownership and management of the book business. The owners are a couple, Brian Paige and Novella Reid. According to the plan, Brian has relevant experience because he previously worked with bookselling organizations. His wife has a security system in retail management with 30 years of experience (Canada / British Columbia Business Services Society, ND). The initiatives and objectives of the business are also evident in the plan.

Industrial revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industrial renewing - Essay ExampleIndustrial revolution was not welcomed by every person, it left many wad jobless. The living conditions of the poor and working class deteriorated and thus they were not comfortable with the changes that came with industrial revolution. The mechanization during this distributor point meant that less human labor was required and most people were relieved of their duties. For example, the spinning jenny was real that enab guide mass production of spools of threads over a short period of time. The power loom was other machine that made the production of cloth easier.The other salient feature that marked the period of industrial revolution was the factory system. This saw different people specialize in different areas. There was overly development in the field of agriculture where food was produced for a larger population that did not figure agriculture.Basically, the changes that took place during this period were in the fields of transportation through the use of steam operated locomotives, the development of factories that led to the division of labor and specialization, change in the political sphere to cater for the shift in economic power as well as the use of sophisticated

Nick DB 2 His Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nick DB 2 His - Assignment ExampleOne of the schools is Pythagoreanism which offered a solution to overcoming raw material problems in mathematics, Sophism relates to a form of philosophy that was devoted to the teaching of the nobility and the key statesmen. The naturalism school of scene came up with the theory of forms that offered explanations transcendent and archetypes. The Stoicism school of thought which was developed by Zeno of Citium offered an explanation on the goal of life as being in line with nature. This school of thought has been applied in a number of circumstances as it advocates for the development of self-control as a office of overcoming destructive emotions that arises due to life challenges.The earlier Greeks majored on the philosophy as it offered a means through which people could steady themselves during the Hellenistic period. The period saw the emergence new group of philosophers who had diverse approaches from Plato and Aristotle. The philosophies t hat were developed at the time were easily learned and portable so that they could assist people with the fortunes and misfortunes that label their everyday

Law and Society Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law and Society - Article ExampleMoreover, it is an offence to shop proceedings relating to minors, or publishing the deliberations of the jury. 1Several factors get to made social media more authoritative than mainstream media, among them the universal reach, low cost associated with internet, and the ability or real time communication. One single wring can go viral within seconds. In days gone by, it was only the mainstream media that had the opportunity to realise information relating to a court case to such a large group of people that it could specify a court case at risk. That is no longer the case the attorney general was recently quoted saying.However, social media submits a unique challenge. Currently, there exists a weak regulatory framework. The social media is currently modulate by the same laws as the mainstream media. Besides, it is very hard exert regulation over the social media. This is because of the worldwide nature of internet. A person can generally acce ss the internet, or make a comment, from any(prenominal) part of the world. This means that discussions or conversations concerning criminal cases that once took place in gardens or clubs like a shot have a global platform now. Consequently, its hard for any one country to exert jurisdiction over the internet.The attorney general has appreciated this fact. Blogs and social media sites like Twitter and Facebook mean that privates can now reach thousands of people with a single tweet or post. This is an exciting prospect, but it can pose certain challenges to the criminal justice system, stated the attorney general, Dominic Grieve QC.2Besides this, it is very easy to circuit breaker the internet anonymously. Tracing such people, therefore, is hard if not impossible. Therefore, regulating social media is a wide mandate, involving individual internet users and internet services providers.Another factor that makes social media unique is the fact that main players in the sector are l aymen teenagers, youths, adults and

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Management - Assignment ExampleThrough evaluation, the company is able to come up with strategies for dealing with the changing environment. Owing to the fact that technology is rising at a fast rate, it is crucial for organizations to come up with methodologies for incorporating beneficial technology into their system (Dyro, 2004). This will help an organization make adjustments in areas that need improvement. evaluation helps in monitoring and checking the operations of an organization. This helps to identify whether a company is getting the fullest topic from its input. This will assist a company change the strategies for delivering more results to the clients (Mittenthal, 2002). Companies should not overstress SWOT estimation since an organization may concentrate too much on its strengths and forget about the weaknesses. SWOT is an adoptable tool for reflecting how the company is performing moreover it is not overtly beneficial in proffering a hawkish advantage. This is b ecause SWOT may emphasize only on the advantages and positive sides of a company (Daft 2009). 2 Evaluation should not be done on specific employees and staff. These people are considered as the most substantive body of any organization. This is because the employees provide the labor force that is needed in accomplishing the companys objectives. ... scenery of levelheaded goals is a crucial factor for a companys success this can be achieved by involving the employees in end making of these goals. Goals set by the managerial can be fantastic to employees this because managers will set high goals inorder for the company to realize more output. This eventually lowers the morale of the employees so poor performance. When employees are involved in setting of the companys goal, realistic goals are intercommunicate hence motivating them, and this results in good performance (Daft and Marcic, 2010). For a company to conduct superior evaluation, it should consider the employees as thei r priority. Employees are the most significant body in an organization, hence the company should be precise careful not to lower the morale of the workers when they are conducting their evaluations. This can be achieved through involving them in decision making of the companies goals because realistic goals will be addressed. In the evaluation process, the company should reward the employees who do a superior job. This will help boost their morale hence working aggressively to achieve the goals of he company. An efficient evaluation process should not only consider the companys well being, but it should also consider the well being of employees. The salaries and wages should be reasonable, this will avoid oppressing and under stipendiary the employees. The companys evaluation should show the employees that they care for them. This can be through the companys effort to educate potential employees on their talents and capabilities. This will ensure that the skills of the employees a re improved, hence working to

Hybrid Cars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hybrid Cars - turn out ExampleThese hybrid cars can prove to be useful in many different ways which include the environmental factors along with the factors of scarce resources. Hybrid cars have features which help reduce pollution from the environment and are also economically feasible as compared to the conventional cars. With the increase in the prices of fuel as well as the reduction in the amount of natural resources, the popularity of these hybrid cars is increasing every day. As compared to traditional cars there are two main advantages of hybrid cars. One is that it emits less carbon dioxide which makes it an environmental friendly car. The second advantage is that it has postgraduateer fuel efficiency that can help people celebrate sufficient amount of money and thus it can be counted as an economic advantage of these cars. In present times when worlds economy is in crucial state, every dollar matters and this has constitute the most important benefit of these vehicles (Hantula 2009). Some of the other benefits of these cars are their smart styling, their well equipped interiors and their up to date safety features. In the long run hybrid cars are more of a pragmatical choice to opt for because of low fuel cost and low emissions. Hybrid cars are more fit because of their light weight due to the usage of light weight materials in its structure. Hybrid cars capture, accumulate and recycle the kinetic energy that is produced from the cars brakes (Congress House 2010). Hybrid cars have the ability to fork out energy in a very efficient way. They can switch their power on and absent-key according to the usage of the car. If the car is standing in an area full of traffic, the car automatically turns off its power and saves energy. When the accelerator is pressed the engine automatically starts again and thus this saves energy. These cars can be tell to be energy efficient considering these factors. These cars also have batteries which have a lon g life. The tires which are apply in these cars have low resistance which reduces energy loss. All this helps this car to accelerate and drive up on higher plains easily. In this way these cars can achieve greater speed which decreases the fuel inspiration and also less energy is wasted. There are also certain disadvantages attached to hybrid cars. The study drawback of hybrid vehicles is that they are still quite expensive. This is because of the fact that its yield costs are very high due to using uncommon equipment for example dysprosium which is used in the manufacturing of highly developed electric automobile motors and many more. The maintenance of hybrid cars can be very expensive as well. As for immediately these cars are not that common so it is difficult to find garages which have necessary materials to service them. whence taking them to the producer can be very expensive. Even though these cars are gradually gaining popularity further there are still factors that m ake traditional cars more feasible as compared to them. Hence, because of these reasons hybrid cars cannot in full compete with gasoline powered cars. When the cost of production of these vehicles would be lowered as compared to other cars the production would also rise. Once the supply rises the price would go down and the demand would rise. The exact time of this hazard cannot be told but when this happens new mode of researches to

Automobile Essay Example for Free

Automobile endeavorExperimental Question What are the effects of different types of antifreeze on the physical appearance on faggot seeds? Most people could not imagine there lives without some sort of force back vehicle transportation. Although motor vehicles are great for getting around and getting around quickly, they take a green goddess of living and also have a permanent effect on the environment. Motor vehicles take a lot of different products to assure smooth travels. One of these products that help your motor vehicle run smoothly is antifreeze. Antifreeze is do of nitty-gritty called ethylene glycol. Although antifreeze is a very helpful product for humans there is a insufficiency of its overall effects upon the environment. This is defiantly a problem, due to its lack of research we decided to conduct an investigate what are the effects of different types of antifreeze on the physical appearance on a pansy coif? Ethylene glycol is actually metabolized in plan ts and plants have a hormone inside of them called ethylene. Inside of plant cells this essence is turned into ethylene glycol and broken down again.Most people believe that this substance cannot harm plants since it is already present within plants, but this belief is false. In large substance this substance can become deadly. One of the reasons why we decided to conduct this experiment is to show people the nimble effects there motor vehicle products can have upon the environment. Our goal is to inform vehicle owners of the libelous effects there products can have on the environment and what you can do to help ameliorate our environment.

Case Study †Art Critical and Historical Studies Essay Example for Free

Case Study Art Critical and Historical Studies EssayTask exposition Select three nontextual matterworks that use the physical environment as their intensity/theme. One is to be a handed-down European/early Australian ornament, one a Modernist work and one a tin Modern work. Write an Analysis of each, showing your understanding of how the four frames can provide different ship canal of appreciating prowessworks. As a result of the invention of photography the physical environment has been a source of inventionistic creationisan inspiration.The evolution of the interpretation of the world approximately artists can be demonstrated by the exploration of the radiation pattern of traditional artist Eugene Von Guerard, modernist artist Rosalie Gascoigne and post-modern artist Janet Laurence. It is from this the audience is able to determine how the physical environment has submitd art and in turn provide insight to the varying perspectives on the appreciation of artistry s. Eugene Von Guerard (b. Austria 1811 d. London 1901) is a traditional European artist who explored the western physical environment.Living in Italy, Germany, Australia and England we can observe the influence which the milieu had on his art marking. In the 1830s Von Guerard trained in Giovanibattista Bassis art school in Rome and later studied landscape painting in Germany at the Dusseldorf Academy. Whilst primarily an artist, he in like manner considered himself an explorer taking long treks in Australia and New Zealand. It was from these trips that had created finely detailed pencil drawings in discipline books.These were later used as the bases for his paintings. Von Guerard expressed nature as he remembered it both its overwhelming saucer and terror at times. It is lucid in his works the observations he do on the light and influence inside nature. He predominately worked in the convention at the time of oil painting. He used the metier meticulously in painstaking det ail. Von Guerards deep inquiry of the land manywhat him enabled him to gain an impatient relationship with it which in turn reflected in his art making.Von Guerard being a romantic artist, observed the connections among art and nature. He gave a instinct of place in the grandeur and beauty of the landscape. Von Guerard investigated the development of colonial art and frame issues in the isolation parochialism (of narrow local interest) and within European traditions. His aversion to this resulted in his contribution to the movement away from English landscape tradition. This personal artist style was heavily influenced by Claude Lorraine, Nicolas Poussiu and Salvator Rosa.He was further tickle pinkd by the German Romantic landscape tradition this is exemplified by Casper Friedrich who try to link man and God through nature. His influence to the art world saw him being constitute in 1870 to be the first master of school of painting at the National Gallery of Victoria. hithe r he influenced artist training for eleven years particularly Frederick McCubbin and Tom Roberts. During this period Von Guerard was renowned for his stiff adherence to picturesque subject matter and detailed treatment.It can be observed within northeastern United States slew from the blue Top of financial support Kosciusko (1863) the romantic style of Von Guerards practice. North-East view from the northerly Top of Mount Kosciusko, an oil painting on canvas is immensely large plateful at 66. 5 by 116. 8cm. Its meticulous detail heightens the overwhelming size exposing the grandeur of the mountains surrounding the artist. The areas of the foreground and the plenty of large boulders on the left are particularly perplexing. The boulders are said to be introduced to emphasise kind insignificance and enforce a mind of drama.They serve to provide a link between the foreground, the distant mountains and the riff, that records the public life from heavy rain to bright sunshine. These rocks echo those on peaks at the centre of the composition, gloriously patterned by the snow that has melted to reveal the grassy slopes underneath. The rich purples and oranges and lush greens, matched with the brutality of the rocks and the blankness of the white snow, capture a natural beauty that changes with the time of day and weather conditions.This exemplifies Von Guerards passionate emotions towards the landscape and the disappointment as the storm cuts the expedition short. The billowing rainclouds entering from the left create dark shadows over the foreground, the crisp greys and vapors suggesting the cool temperatures of the area. Within the foreground the audience observes a narrative in the group of Professor Neumayers scientific expedition undertaking a magnetic survey. The central figure is speculated to Von Guerard to the left is Neumayer. In the distant sky he has captured an approaching storm.The inclusion of the human figures signals both the sense of isol ation and the peacefulness of the scene, while likewise highlighting the vastness of the mountain. It is unadorned from examination of photographs, the topographical accuracy that Von Guerard evoked. The influence which the conventions at the time had on North-East view from the Northern Top of Mount Kosciusko is highly evident with the composition of the artwork. The framing by the rocks on the left was readily implemented at art schools during this period. Influences of the western world are observable with relationships between science and art and god and nature.However Von Guerard has moved away from traditional English conventions with his sense of isolation, unknown location and anti-parochial views. By using meticulous detail he strived to depict beauty at its highest form. This meaning North-East view from the Northern Top of Mount Kosciusko was sublime, large and majestic. Unfortunately for Von Guerard this technique active in North-East view from the Northern Top of Mo unt Kosciusko was considered a commercial failure. The isolation made it insignificant for the at the time audience to comprehend, this was fuelled with its sublime, grandeur nature.His raw dramatic approach to nature was bad received. James Smith an influential critic, who had always been an enthusiastic supporter, dismissed Von Guerards work for its microscopism. Von Guerard ultimately had to lot the painting himself in Vienna, 1873. James Gleeson found it 100 years after it creation and passed it on to the Australian National Gallery. Von Guerards paintings are often praised by contemporary critics for their grandeur and faithfulness to nature, although they were also criticised for their photographic nature.Art Curator Candice Bruce who brought Von Guerards work back into the light in 1980, spoke of the work in a positive regard telling of the high complexity and depth exposing audiences to the subtle charm of this imaginative land of monstrosities. This positive reception is enforced by Geelong Galleries, Geoffrey Edwards who articulates of the remarkable masterpiece, that is a golden scenebeautifully lit shines off its colonial enterprise and has no substitute. Today Von Guerards paintings are valued for the compositions and executions as for the subject matter.His intemperate interest in Romantic association has resulted in a heavy influence in his art making. His practice is highly nationalistic in representation this is evident in the exaggerated poetic purpose in North-East view from the Northern Top of Mount Kosciusko. Von Guerards practice a century later influenced Imants Tillers (b. Australia 1950) to create the appropriation of North-East view from the Northern Top of Mount Kosciusko, titled Mount Analogue (1985). Mount Analogue is an immensely large scale (279. 5 by 571. 5cm) oil stick and synthetic polymer paint on 165 canvas boards.It is a reinterpretation of the exact view of Von Guerards. His work challenges the authenticity of the ori ginal as it too is an interpretation, however it can be observed the different interpretations of the physical landscape. The examination of the practice of Von Guerard has determined the significant influence the physical landscape has had upon his inspiration as an artist. The audience is able to observe through the decomposition of his artwork North-East view from the Northern Top of Mount Kosciusko the vast perspectives in which we can care for artworks.Similarly, Modernist artist Rosalie Gascoigne (b. New Zealand 1917 d. Australia 1999) draws inspiration from the Australian. Living in rural town of Monaro in the Southwest of New South Wales it is evident within her art making the influence the physical environment had. Rosalie Gascoigne became an artist late in life. She had studied writings at university, acquiring an abiding love of rhyme. She later would come to describe her working practice by quoting Wordsworth on emotion recollected in tranquillity.Gascoigne never att empted to paint and never sought to go to art school. Ive always known how hopeless I was at painting or drawing. She spent many long days in solitude where she developed her highly original powers of observation. She stone-broke the status quo of her time by creating assemblages of found materials including wood, iron, wire, feathers, signs, boxes, crates, lino, enamelware, galvanised tin, corrugated iron and masonite. These objects rather than accurately depict, elements of the world around her the landscape around her home and the materials and textures of rural life. Travelling around the countryside collecting materials was integral to Gascoignes art practice.Gascoigne a bored 1950s housewife having no training as an artist created works without considering conventions of the period. Her queer vision of the landscape was expressed in stunning decisive constructions made from the worn and weathered objects she found within it. She found the Australian landscape had a degree of personal freedom in it and became indifferent by the width and the rock under your feet and the high sky. She was not interested in describing the optic reality, picturesque beauty or stores of the Australian landscape, and chose to capture the essence of the landscapes opography, space, air, vegetation and the casual and seasonal natural rhythms of nature, in compositions that were often startling in their refined simplicity.This was further influenced by the poetry of Peter Porter and David Campbell who also evoked their work around the landscape of Canberra. Gascoigne intricately has woven glimpses of her previous(prenominal) feelings and experiences into her work creating art of an extraordinarily transcendent nature. small-arm to Walk Around (1981) highlights the unique nature of Gascoignes practice. baste to Walk Around, is comprised of practice bundlings of saffron thistle sticks arranged into 20 squares each 80 by 80 by 1. 5 cm. These squares lay directly on the floor in a patchwork one bundle running one way, then one other. The criss-cross formation recalls the undulating countryside, the ordering of agriculture and industry and the mottled personal effects of light and shadow on it. The work conveys a sense of infinite expansiveness and liberation experient in the country, as manifested through the grid, here understood as an open-ended structure to which additional bundles of thistles could be theoretically added or subtracted.In patch to Walk Around the literal depiction of the environment is plain back to its very essence and the work becomes a microcosm of the landscape. The title is used to draw attention to the changing visual effects as one circles the work and the shifting play on the natural material. It is evident from the innovative nature of Piece to Walk Around that western conventions had little impact on Gascoignes practice. However Japanese influence is demonstrated through the imposing composition and precise organisation of the bundles.The absence of art school allowed for Gascoigne to be singularly influenced by the world around her and not by conventions enforced by the art masters. The resolved use and order of her found materials reflects the influence her interest in flower arranging induced. The isolation of which she endured in the country allowed ability to entirely appreciate and observe the world around her before drawing inspiration from it. Piece to Walk Around was well received by the art world. Its simplicity made it easy for the audience to comprehend fulfilling Gascoignes aim to make art amicable to everyone.Gascoigne proposed that whilst the viewers response to the landscape may differ she hopes that this picture will convey some sense of the countryside and induce in the viewer the liberating feeling of being in the open country. Her Sydney lead of over 10 years Roslyn Oxley said she was very strong and to the point there is never anything lightheaded about her work. Critic S ebastian Smee noted that Gascoigne resembles a scavenging bowerbird in a world where the mathematical product of blue plastic has ceased. What to do? What to do.? Nest while you can .This quote illuminates practice just now highlighting the beauty and simplicity of her work from the influence of nature. Australian Art Collector reporter Judith tweed spoke of Piece to Walk Around being a unique and imperishable contribution to art. In 1994 Gascoigne was awarded an Order of Australia for services to art signifying her contribution to the art world. Piece to Walk Around was donated by the Gascoigne family after Roslyn Gascoignes death to the Museum of Contemporary Art allowing for a ampleer audience and the ability for her artwork to inspire a new generation.It was Gascoignes innovative practice that resulted in her success. Gascoignes engages minimalisms sense of order in an original take on the physical environment. She employs a mixture Japanese of formal composition and rough A ustralian nature to break traditional conventions that define the individual styles. Gascoignes concepts from Piece to Walk Around were evident amongst a broad range of her artworks. Untitled 12 squares of 6 (1980-81) is other segment from the series in which Piece to Walk Around is derived from.It is created with identical composition as Piece to Walk Around however constructed from sawn weather wood to a large 90 by 119. 5cm. This artwork demonstrates the concept of how individuals can gather varying interpretations from the physical landscape and that this inspiration can impact upon the broad material practice of an artist. Through the analysis of Gascoignes practice, it can be observed the substantial influence that the physical landscape has had upon the artist.The audience is able to compare through the decomposition of Gascoignes artwork Piece to Walk Around the varying influences that the environment around them has had. It is through this the audience is able to full appr eciate the construction of these artworks. It seems the influence of the physical environment has had on artists has continued to the present day through the examination of Post Modern artist Janet Laurence (b. Sydney, Australia 1947 ). Living in the city of Sydney it is exceedingly evident within the strong messages within her artwork the influence the physical environment had upon her.

Sir Philip Sidney Essay Example for Free

Sir Philip Sidney EssayThou blinds man mark iodin of Sir Philip Sidneys most famous poem, he writes about desire. In the poem Sir Philip Sidney complains about desire save he shows us how he was able to overcome desire. He starts off in the poem by saying the following Thou Blind Mans mark, thou fools self chosen parting He uses the sentence as a metaphor to compare desire to a snare. Sidney sees desire as a trap, if were to get a hold of ones life. Sidney also compares desire to a net of will which interprets his meaning of it as a trap. The trap is strong on its victims and has very prominent effects.In the morsel stanza Sidney exclaims Desire, desire I have too dearly brought.Sidney uses all these as repetition to show his dependable feelings of how desire has sincerely yours made him undeniably suffer. It shows how much time he has wasted instead of agony on the more important thing life beholds. He learned to pay for desire with a Mangled mind The toughest thing was getting over it save Sidney shows desire wouldnt completely infuse him.In the beginning of the sestet he blatantly speaks of his overcoming of desire, though it did control most of his life. He uses anaphora to foreground desire In vain thou hast ruin sought. In the ending of the third stanza, the speaker gives us the idea of him not being able to fall in desire, virtue brought him back.It gives a great chip point on the complexity of his life.The end is quite overwhelming along with the last two lines of the poem. He speaks of reward after everything he has gone through with desire. To the end of the poem it reads Destiny naught but how kill desire. The paradox enforces that even though he has overcome it doesnt mean he is accurate with. Further more in thou Blind Mans Mark Sidney couldnt truly conquer desire because it is a lifelong battle and that trying to control it can destroy s person in the process. It isnt something you can live without but live with and battle.

The Sixth Challenge of Vision 2020 Essay Example for Free

The Sixth Challenge of imagination 2020 EssayThe sixth repugn of vision 2020 is to form a scientific oriented and progressive society. A scientific, oriented and progressive society is a society that is fully inventive and creative, forward-looking, optimism, generous and gives a technical civilization in the future. The reason why I think the sixth challenge cannot be met because of the designation of race with economic function, and the recognition of race in economic backwardness.Identification of race with economic measure implies that the income of individual is not equal the crisis of disparity between races is significant. Each race will have their stimulate economic worth due to the individual upbringing and education, economic preferences and effort therefore they received dissimilar financial reward. An equality of income between races is not possible and not achievable. On the other hand, the sixth challenge cannot be meet on year 2020 is because of lack of ski ll labors in the society.Young Malaysians seek to teaching and work abroad and this create a shortage of skill labor which slowed down the growth of the country. Others countries succeed better wages, career opportunity, environment and education than Malaysia such as neighbor Singapore. Therefore, it is hard to develop a scientific society by year 2020 if there is a shortage in trained labors, authorization and technologies. To overcome the challenge, 1 Malaysia concept must be strongly built up in all(prenominal) races mindset to pare racial politics in the country.The society should accept and tolerances among populate of different races, and have a mutual respect for each citizens within the country. Government should allocated resources appropriately to reduce the racist crisis. Next, government should also focus on the level of wages and allowance pay to the skilled labor to reduce the capital loss of country. Government should increase the project of development of the country to provide more career opportunities to the citizens.

The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

The cracking Gatsby EssayLife is a balancing act among the past, present, and future. Expressing guilt and regret about the past is almost instinctual, but we accept that it is unchangeable and we put it in arrears us. However, there are few, who so desperately cling to the idea of the past and believe that they have the military group to recall it. While an perform stick out be double overed in order to emulate an action of the past, the entirety of the moment good deal never be recreated. This is due to the fact that unlike a strong-arm action, the emotions and intent merchant ship the action are impossible to duplicate.The character Jay Gatsby in Fitzgeralds iconic novel, The Great Gatsby, embodies the desire to, beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past, (189). Regarding his kind with Daisy, Gatsby tries so desperately to override this inability to repeat the past. Gatsby, wanted nothing less of Daisy than that she should go to Tom and say I never fill outd you. subsequently she had obliterated three years with that sentence they could decide upon the more practical measures to be taken, (116).What he did not realize is that even if Daisy had returned to her relationship with Gatsby subsequently the five-spot years they were separated, it would not be the same as it was. Though the action of the relationship would be repeated, the emotions and intent behind the actions would have been altered, mostly due to the factors of time, environs, and the changes in both Gatsby and Daisy since their relationship during wartime. When Gatsby made the statement, Cant repeat the past? Why of course you canHe did not take into consideration that Daisy is not in the same emotional state as she was five years ago, and neither is he. For an individual, history can never be recreated. This is because the personal change that occurs after the first instance stands in the way of repeating the past. Daisy is now married, and a mother, and Gatsby spent the past five years trying to be the person he thought Daisy wanted him to be, and he changed so oft from the man she used to know.Nick observed, he talked a lot about the past and I self-collected he wanted to recover something, some idea of himself perhaps, that had gone into loving Daisy, (117). They both evolved from the people they were during their relationship during the war, and because of this, even if they were to be together again, their relationship would be completely different. This can also be attributed to the environment in which their relationship first blossomed in comparison to the environment of life five years later. Their love was heightened by the dying need for hope during the time of war.They can repeat the action of their relationship, but opposition to Gatsbys belief, it will never be recreated to what it once was due to the change in Gatsby and Daisy, the environment, the circumstances, and the emotion behind it all. Though it is unmanageable to recreate the past, the maxim, History often repeats itself, exists because of the misunderstanding that action is the only factor in recreating a moment. In reality, the intent and emotional connection are what make the moment unable to be recreated. The most basic of examples is this every morning, Monday through Friday, I come into school.Though my actions are repeated everyday, some old age I am exhausted and dont wish to speak with anyone, other days I am in the sunniest of moods. At first glance, it appears history repeats itself each day I repeat the action of walking into school. However, everyday I have a different experience based on my emotions, environment, and other circumstances that affect the entirety of the situation. History is more than just a simple action, as the maxim, history often repeats itself, suggests it incorporates all aspects of the situation, not just the face value of the deed itself.Though actions passim history are often repea ted, this does not merit to the statement, History often repeats itself. Other factors that need to be considered are the changes in people, environment, emotions, and circumstances. As much as Gatsby believes in the ability to repeat the past, he does not realize that the past is made up of more than just actions. Unfortunately for Gatsby, just because an action can be repeated, does not mean that one can repeat or recreate the past.

Online Hotel Reservation Essay Example for Free

Online Hotel engagement Essay-According to Mrs. Michelle Amir,co-fouder and CEO,says,I am proud to say that by the third quarter 2008 we will flip succeeded in our goal to become a global hotel booking agency. During three consecutive categorys our promiseer-up results have shown a tremendous annual addition of much more than 100 %. Over 2007 we boasted flagrant sales of over 36 million. We expect to reach 75 million in hotel reservation in 2008. The first quarter in 20087 looks promising. With over 13 million gross sales we start the year ahead of budget. We achieved this with a mere three destinations. Therefore,with so many more destinations,we expect our results to continue to increase significantly. We also expect many more repeat visitors and actual bookers due to the added cities. -Callista Hospitality is a reservations and charge system for motels, lodges and small to mid-sized hotels. It incorpo invests powerful, easy-to-use features which are normally available further in high-end, expensive reservations software systems.electronic reservations, easy checkin/out, automatic management of online reservations and all changes in room availability, integrated and automatic guest call logging and allocation with user-defined margins per call type, multiple accounts per guest room, automatic confirmation emailing, user-defined in-house charge allocation, on/ cancelled peak calendar, complete guest history, integrated guest billing and automatic scheduled reporting for management, statistical analysis, financial analysis and operations and much more are all available in this innovative, inexpensive, easy-to-use system.A fully automated checkin wizard makes checkin fast and efficient even for the most novice user. The online hotel reservation is the only growing section between the different methods of reservation. The 40% of rooms in cities were reserved online in 2009 and this rate is increasing because there is more and more online reservation system. Online reservation systems are very useful because the traveler can compare prices, can see the other travellers opinions and ratings from the hotels and their services. In this way it is easier for the client to choose the expert hotel. It saves time and money for travellers.

Global Business Strategies Essay Example for Free

Global argumentation St investgies EssayCourse DescriptionThe managers perspective in the fields of international payments, international trade in, and investment atomic number 18 psychoanalysed. Emphasis is given to the materials and concepts that illuminate the strategies, structure, practices, and payoffs of multinational enterprises.PoliciesFaculty and students/learners will be held responsible for collar and adhering to all policies contained within the following cardinal scrollsUniversity policies You must be logged into the student web set to view this document. Instructor policies This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the bloodline of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you be accommodate latterly changed modalities, read the policies governing your flowing class modality.Course MaterialsHill, C. W. (20 09). external demarcation. Competing in the orbiculate market (7th ed.). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill.All electronic materials are useable on the student website. calendar week One contemporary Global Business EnvironmentDetailsDuePointsObjectives1.1 Define globularisation.1.2 List the major drivers of globalization.1.3 Explain al intimately effects of globalization.1.4 Compare and contrast the role of economic desegregation in promoting global business. 1.5 Relate the interpret of economic tuition of an economically integrated region to potential business opportunities. averingsRead Ch. 1 of internationalistic Business.Read Ch. 2 of internationalist Business.Read Ch. 3 of International Business.Read Ch. 5 of International Business. recapitulation this weeks Electronic countenance Readings.Read the Week One Read Me First. participation go in in class discussion.1 soulWeek One QuizPost week virtuoso quiz.1IndividualGlobalization QuestionnairePrepare a comprehensive response t o the following questions in 350 words.What is globalization, and what are some of the traditional international trade theories that support the concept of globalization?List the major drivers of globalization and provide three examples of each.Explain at least(prenominal) tetrad effects of globalization that affect your company and your organization.10Week Two Global Business Strategy FormulationDetailsDuePointsObjectives22.1 Conduct a business jeopardy synopsis.2.2 Choose an appropriate mode of entrance for global intersections or operates.ReadingsRead Ch. 6 of International Business.Read Ch. 7 of International Business.Read Ch. 8 of International Business. inspection this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings.Read the Week Two Read Me First.Participation figure in class discussion.1IndividualWeek Two QuizPost week two quiz.1 knowledge aggroup InstructionsSelect a hoidenish and product to focus your accumulative Global Business cast discipline Team project. The deliverable s for the project include the following Learning Team assignmentsWeek Two Comprehensive Analysis Outline and PresentationWeek Three Country jeopardy and strategicalal Planning Analysis newsprint Week volt Final Global Business Plan and PresentationIndividualRegional Integration for and Against ArticlesSelect a region approved by your instructor and adopt a trading bloc (NAFTA, EU, ASEAN, etc.) within that region. Write two 350- to 500-word articles, unity article in favor of regional integration and another article against regional integration. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of regional integration and touch base the stage of economic development of the economically integrated region to emailprotected potential business opportunities.10Learning TeamComprehensive Analysis Outline and PresentationSelect a product and a country for a global business jeopardise. Conduct a regional, country, and product analyses for your new global venture. Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400 -word outline and a 5- to 7-slide summary presentation illustrating the followingRegion AnalysisRegional alliances and economic integration sensual environment and its affect on tradePolitical stabilityEconomic conditionsFinance options obtainableSocial, health, and environmental conditionsTerrorism threatsCountry AnalysisPolitical stabilityEconomic conditionsFinance options availablePhysical environment and its affect on tradeSocial, health, and environmental conditionsCultural considerationsOrganization and product or service analysisDescription of your organizationProduct needs assessment of the aspire countryDescription of product to meet the need formatting your written composition tenacious with APA guidelines.5Week Three Strategic Implementation Global Business OperationsDetailsDuePointsObjectives33.1 Describe the legal, cultural, and ethical challenges that reside global businesses. 3.2 Determine the various roles that waiter governments play in global business operatio ns.ReadingsRead Ch. 12 of International Business.Read Ch. 14 of International Business.Read Ch. 15 of International Business.Read Ch. 17 of International Business. check over this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings.Read the Week Three Read Me First.Participation record in class discussion.1IndividualWeek Three QuizPost week three quiz.1Learning TeamCountry seek and Strategic Planning Analysis PaperPrepare a 1,400- to 2,100-word newspaper in which you conduct a country risk of exposure analysis for your selected global business venture. Analyze the following risks in your paperPolitical, legal, and regulatory risksExchange and repatriation of funds risksCompetitive risk assessmentTaxation and double taxation risksMarket risks (four Ps)Distribution and supply chain risksPhysical and environmental challenges to entering and operating in a target market Social and cultural risksCyber or applied scienceDescribe how you would manage these risksSummarize your strategic planning processD efine and clarify mission and objectivesSWOTT analysis of target countryMake outline selectionSelect and justify an appropriate mode of entry for your global product or service Control and evaluationDevise contingency planFormat your paper consistent with APA guidelines.10Week Four Strategy Implementation Finance and Marketing in Global BusinessDetailsDuePointsObjectives44.1 Analyze global financial backing and exchange rate mechanisms.4.2 Identify multilateral and regional financial institutions that help foster global business. 4.3 Identify various methods of financing global operations. 4.4 Identify key immaterial exchange risks and techniques to mitigate risk. 4.5 Conduct a global selling analysis for a product or service.ReadingsRead Ch. 9 of International Business.Read Ch. 11 of International Business.Read Ch. 16 of International Business.Read Ch. 18 of International Business.Read Ch. 20 of International Business.Review this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings.Read the Week Four Read Me First.ParticipationParticipate in class discussion.1IndividualWeek Four QuizPost week four quiz.1IndividualCase StudySelect one of the following courtships from the International Business school textNike The Sweatshop Debate at the end of Part 2Google in China at the end of Chapter 4Boeing versus Airbus Two Decades of Trade Disputes at the end of Part 3 (Video is not required to complete this case.) The Russian Ruble Crisis and Its Aftermath at the end of Part 4 Molex at the end of Part 6Merrill Lynch in Japan at the end of Part 6Write a 500- to 750-word paper in which you address the following topicsDescribe the legal, cultural, and ethical challenges that confront the global business presented in your selected case study. Determine the various roles that host governments played in this particular global business operation. Summarize the strategic and operational challenges facing global managers illustrated in your selected case.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.15Week Five Changing Environment of Global BusinessDetailsDuePointsObjectives55.1 Identify appropriate business strategies based on business risk analysis. 5.2 Determine appropriate give strategies for a global organization.ReadingsRead Ch. 4 of International Business.Read Ch. 13 of International Business.Review this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings.Read the Week Five Read Me First.ParticipationParticipate in class discussion.1IndividualWeek Five QuizPost week five quiz.1IndividualGlobal support and Exchange Rate MechanismsChoose one of the following topics. Prepare a 1,050- to 1,750-word paper in which you analyze one of the following global financing and exchange rate topicsPurchasing power parity and the outsized Mac indexCurrency hedgingHard and soft currenciesCountertradeFinancing via letters of credit and EXIM depository financial institution and commercial banks Tariff and nontariff barriersRoles of international financial institutions (e.g. IMF, World Bank, ADB, etc.) Euro currency marketsDefine your selected topic.Explain how your topic is use in global financing operations and describe its importance in managing risks.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.15IndividualFinal ExaminationPrepare to take a final exam.10Learning TeamFinal Global Business Plan Paper and PresentationPrepare a 7,000- to 8,750-word paper integrating your preliminary Learning Team assignments to include the following new materialSummarize your findings from previous Learning Team assignments. overwhelm the rationale for selecting your target country. Refer to your Learning Team Country Risk Analysis for highlights.Determine the marketing mix specific to your selected global product or service and beg off your choice of marketing mix. Prepare a marketing plan that addresses product modification, pricing, promotional programs, distribution channels, and e-business in your chosen country. Include market indicators and trends for your product or servic e.Prepare a financial overview for your global venture. Include a chart that represents the general budget for your global venture. Explain how your company deals with foreign exchange risk for your global operation.Identify potential domestic and international sources of financing for your global venture. Include at least two possible financial institutions within your chosen region.Describe the degree to which your organization operates as a centralized versus decentralized organization. Include a chain of command chart to illustrate how communications would snuff it senior management from the field when events necessitate changes in tactics or strategy.What types of exit strategies would be most appropriate for your global venture? Some strategies to consider include divestiture of assets, handing over to a joint venture partner, diversification, shutting down operation, and contingencies for your global venture.Based on your findings, make final recommendations about the feasib ility of this global venture. Would you recommend proceeding with this global venture? Explain wherefore or why not.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.15Week One Quiz QuestionsWhat technological advances in telecommunications and transportation have influenced global business in the last decade? How have these technological advances affected regional economic development? What trends may be anticipated in these areas? Would globalization have been possible without these technological advances? debate how culture, language, and trust might influence the costs of doing business in a particular country. Support your statement with examples.Discuss the following theory The study of global business is relevant if you bestow or plan to operation in a large multinational company, but it has little or no significance for individuals who work in smaller national firms. Do you agree or disagree? withstand your argument with at least two supporting statements.Week Two Quiz Q uestionsWhat is country risk analysis? How is this analysis conducted? Is country risk analysis an effective tool in determining the desirability of establishing a manufacturing site or other mode of entry?Define a trade deficit and a trade surplus. What are the implications of a long-term trade deficit or trade surplus? What techniques are available to correct balance of payment deficit or surplus?Does free trade equate to fresh trade? Does free trade exist anywhere in the world? Respond to the questions and support your resolvings with examples.Week Three Quiz QuestionsWhat is the current status of the telecommunications, energy, and transportation infrastructures of the worlds fastest developing countries? What effect does importing advanced technology, such as wireless technologies, into a developing country have on that countrys telecommunications, energy, and transportation infrastructures? How do these changes in infrastructure and technology alter business productiveness? What are some issues and trends in global sociocultural issues? Why must a company be sensitive to the sociocultural environment within the host country? What affect does sociocultural sensitivity have on a companys operations or sales within a host country?What are the major staffing policies that global organizations must consider? How must an organization choose among these staffing policies? How do you assess the effect of implementing a specific staffing policy?What are the primary functions of the foreign-exchange market? Who are the participants in the market? How do global companies use the foreign-exchange market to hedge against foreign-exchange risks?Felix, a U.S. technology company has recently developed a revolutionary wireless phone. The product offers exciting new features along with all of the features of current products, but at a fraction of the manufacturing costs. As the international business manager of Felix, you have been asked to choose the best mode of entry into the European market. Your have the following optionsExport your product from the United States. demean into an alliance with a large European company.Manufacture the product in the United States and set up a wholly owned subsidiary in Europe. License a European firm to prevarication and market the phone in Europe.In preparation for your choice, list the pros and cons of each method of entry. Which choice do you present to your CEO? Support your decision.Can any product or service be marketed globally? If it sells in the United States, does it sell in another country? Explain why or why not. Can a product be marketed in the same manner in multiple countries? Defend your answer with examples. How might you relate the four Ps of marketing to customer relations management (CRM) in a global business environment?Week Four Quiz QuestionsWhat are the elements of capital budgeting? How do you assure these elements in the global business arena? Provide examples of how you would use ca pital budgeting analysis to determine the desirability of global projects.What are the international and regional institutions that comprise the global monetary and financial organisation? What role do these institutions play inpromoting global business operations?Under what conditions is it better to espouse funds from a domestic bank? When might it be necessary to borrow from a target country financial institution? Explain your answer.When would a firm choose to operate on a transnational basis? Under what circumstances would a firm use a localization strategy? When would an international strategy be employed? Support your answers with examples.Week Five Quiz QuestionsDescribe one exit strategy an organization may use when things go wrong in a foreign country. What are some of the issues that might prompt the implementation of an exit strategy? Summarize the effect of an exit strategy on the strategic planning for a global organization?Name the factors that may put up to the gl obal business failure of an organization? How might a global organization protect itself against a global business failure? Are US ethical standards applicable worldwide? Explain your answer and provide examples. What are the consequences of failure to incorporate ethical considerations into global planning.

Cross-cultural Training for Expatriate Managers Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural dressing for discharge Managers EssayThe emergence theories of charismatic and transformational leaders hold back formed our understanding of these topics in the past decade. sequence the terms charisma and transformational leading have a great deal been interchanged, Bass (1990) clarifies that charisma forms a part of transformational leadership.Within Basss approach, transformational leadership includes charisma (providing a vision and a sense of accusation and raising followers self-expectations), intellectual stimulations (assisting employees emphasize acute solutions and challenge old assumptions), and individualized consideration (developing employees and coaching). Furthermore, Bass (1990) emphasized that transformational leadership overly goes beyond trans personationional leadership (or contingent reward such as the exchange of rewards for efforts) in elevating leaders and helping followers reach higher levels of organizational functioning. Henc e with an step-upd level of interest in conceptual framework of transformational leadership, several(prenominal) studies have documented the benefits and importance of changing leadership styles. Koh et al. (1995) study show that there is a epochal correlation in the midst of transformational leadership facets and organizational functioning. In fact, the study shows that subordinates satisfaction with their supervisors is associated with the extent which supervisors manifest transformational leadership.In addition, several researches suggest the importance of transformational leadership as a precursor to some aspects of financial execution of instrument (Howell and Frost 1989, Howell and Avolio 1993). Ultimately, the signifi atomic number 50ce of transformational leadership in an organization cannot be adequately understood without comprehending how changing leadership styles is both possible and likely to result in changes in subordinates perceptions, attitudes, or instruction execution.Barling et al.s (1996) research suggests that an in force(p) nurture program on developing transformational leadership at diametric organizational levels can increase an employees morale, commitment, and overall capital punishment. Barling et al.s (1996) study also extends prior researches (Kirkpatrick and Locke 1996, Howell and Frost 1989) suggesting that there is strong supreme correlation between transformational leadership, commitment, and financial performance.In line with this, the case of United Motors Company (UMC) suggests developing the political party socialisation to better respond to the trade needs. As such, one of the goals of H. Arthur Grommet was to develop and to hone leadership skills at different managerial levels. Because Mr. Grommet had inherited the virtually conservative and bureaucratic management in the industry, he stand upd a management traineeship program wherein management trainees were recruited from top railway line schools in th e US, and plectron from internal management to participate in the teaching program was also done.The program, LeaderMex was then develop with the mission to identify, train, and monitor UMCs managers who have strong performance records and the desire to work for their new subsidiary in Mexico. The high-profile program indicates that participants will assume positions with high responsibility and is a fast-track program in identifying potential leaders within the company. Individuals who qualify for the program are expatriated to Mexico and bear with rotations within at least two incarnate divisions from three to five years. After which, the employees are promoted to higher positions after two years upon exit to the US. date the LeaderMex program is aimed at identifying internal leaders within the company, kind-hearted Resources has noted numerous problems that have face by expatriate managers. At the start, there was no human relations program in place. Managers undergo a th ree day seminar on labor law and complete a language naturally before going to Mexico. However, as human relations realize that language alone is not a barrier, the organization recognized the need for a specific training on cultural sensation and the effectuate of cultural differences on employee attitudes and performance.In response to the problems, a cultural awareness training program has been developed for managers prior to their relocation and assignment to Mexico. A series of trainings were developed for managers to understand how to work in different cultural environment and in how to handle human relations problems that may arise in the phone line of operations in Mexico.Top management has recommended the following goals for the training program design (1) introducing managers to the cultural differences between the United States and Mexico, (2) pre directing some typical problems American managers face in that company as well as solutions to the problems, and (3) reduc ing the amount of season needed to adapt to managing in Mexico. Top management has assigned the Human Resources staff members, and possibly using the services of external consultant, in conducting the training program.The value of the cultural awareness program in this case cannot be overemphasized. UMCs move to set-up a subsidiary in Mexico however presents the increased internationalization and intersomebodyal cross-cultural contact within the company. In an effort to regain battle in the world-wide automotive industry, the need for UMC to develop the requisite skills in its employees to work within various cultures has become an important component in its strategy.Moreover, as UMC has created the LeaderMex program to expatriate leaders in ordination to build and integrate the technology and culture of the new subsidiary, UMC must provide support functions for expatriate leaders in the new subsidiary. As such, a number of studies advocate cross-cultural training as a means of facilitating the expatriates ability to adjust to the new environment (Brislin 1981 Landis and Brislin 1983 Mendenhall and Oddou 1986 Tung, 1987).The need for the support anatomical structures in training for the expatriate program can be seen in the personify of an expatriate assignment. According to the discipline Foreign Trade Council (NFTC) survey in 2002, a three year expatriate assignment for an employee with a $75,000 to $100,000 base salary costs an employer $1 million total.Moreover, the cost of a poor staffing decision could hunt from $200,000 to $1.2 million (the figure only includes identifiable costs associated with compensation, training, development, etc.), and the rate of expatriate failures1 ranges from 10% to 45%. The cost of an expatriate assignment, therefore, demonstrates how measurement and evaluation of the assignments are crucial for companies. Ultimately, the lack of necessary preparation, HR assistance and suppress support for repatriation is the culpr it for expatriates failure.In fact, the lack of understanding on the different dimensions of national culture in Mexico can lead to expatriates failures. Hostede (1993) identified the five dimensions of national culture as follows (1) individualism-collectivism2, (2) uncertainty avoidance3, (3) masculinity-feminity4, (4) power distance5, and (5) time druthers6. Awareness of these dimensions will help develop cross-cultural preparation programs that include meaningful culture regarding the culture the expatriates will find themselves working in.In addition, Minehan (2004) suggests that US expatriates in Mexico should understand cultural dimensions in cardinal aspects. First, American assignees need a real understanding of the relationship between the two nations, Mexico and the U.S. In most cases Mexican colleagues will have a lot more knowledge of the U.S. than vice versa. Second, Americans are comprehend to be arrogant and inflexible.For Mexicans, relationships are paramount. P eople in Mexico adjust people, not rules. In the US, people obey rules, not people. Third, language proficiency may not necessarily be a requirement in conducting business nevertheless, proficiency in Spanish can help assignees forge and develop interpersonal relationships. talk the language goes a long way in helping the expatriate gain respect among colleagues. Fourth, annoyance rates is a serious issue in Mexico, and expatriates must be willing to adapt to any(prenominal) security measures are required to keep them safe. Understanding these key aspects of Mexicos culture and history can go a long way in establishing good working relationships in the new environment.While the content of the training program should highlight and assess the US expatriates understanding of Mexican culture and history, the training program should undergo different phases in the process. Noe (2002) suggest that the training program should have three phases mannequin 1 involves the pre-departure tra ining, Phase 2 involves the on-site training, and Phase 3 is on the repatriation training.The pre-departure training should involve employees development the language and an orientation in the new bucolics culture and customs. Noe (2002) suggest that the type of training most suitable would be language training, cultural awareness and sensitivity training, and daily living training. spoken communication training can be conducted in a classroom type setting, videos, or an interactive scholarship through conversations.Cultural awareness and sensitivity training aims to familiarize expatriates with cultural attitudes, communication styles, and cultural assumptions of the community. It also introduces the expatriates on the core cultural values, bias, and stereotypes that visitors need to be aware of. Daily living training includes providing expatriates with information about schools, housing, recreation and sports, shopping, transportation, utilities, banking, and health care facil ities in the country.The on-site training involves continued orientation to the emcee country and its customs and cultures through formal programs or through a mentoring relationship. The type of training suggested by the Bureau of National Affairs Human Resources Library includes continued language training, orientation, and mentoring. It is advisable that every employee sent overseas for training has a person who is responsible for well-being and is two levels above them in the corporation.That person is tasked with ensuring that the offshore employee is kept in the loop and comes home periodically for meetings or just to hang out. In addition, the continued orientation to the host country through a mentor both for the expatriate and his/her family is a must during the adjustment process. It is important to maintain an active communication and provide company newsletters to expatriates as well.The repatriation prepares employees for return to the home country. It aims to reduce s tress level and anxiety when they return. It is important to continue mentoring in the process and to organize career planning discussions with the expatriate. Repatriation phase is important and valuable to the company as expatriates have been equip with a good understanding of the global marketplace having been immersed in the different market. Expatriates also bring a global vision to day-to-day company practices. More importantly, they can be crucial members of international task forces and if left field un-valued, they can become significant assets to competitors.The three phases are important in the overall training-program design and maximising the return on investment of training-program. Nonetheless, it is important to note that while the LeaderMex program goal is to improve its market position by integrating the new subsidiary to UMCs, the key of ensuring a sound global business is building a solid infrastructure with topical anaesthetic talent. In the end, outstanding g lobal organizations will contain the outstanding local people in every business around the world.LeaderMex will ultimately consort an important role in the initial stages of building a company in a strange location, but in the long run, a qualified, well-trained group of local managers will be the key instrument to success. And, the reason for the development local managers can be because of the high costs associated with sending parent country nationals to foreign country with a high failure rate. Other benefits of developing local talents include local managers knowledge of the local market and business practices, cultural preferences, and local connections (Hsieh and Lavoie 1999).ReferencesBarling, J, Weber, T, and Kelloway K. (1996). Effects of Transformational lead Training on Attitudinal and Financial Outcomes a Field Experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology 81 (6) 827-832.Bass, BM (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership Learning to share the vision. Or ganizational Dynamics, 18(3) 19-36.Bass, BM and Avolio, BJ (1990). Transformational leadership development Manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA Consulting Psychologists Press.The Bureau of National AffairsHuman Resources Library. (2000). Preparing Expatriates for Global Assignments.Corporate leaders Council (1999). Effective Repatriation Strategies.Corporate Leadership Council (2001). Cultural Training for Expatriates.Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural Constraints in Management Theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7, 81-94.Howell, JM and Frost PJ (1989). A testing ground study or charismatic leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 43 243-269.Hsieh, T. and Lavoie, J. (1999). Think global, take aim local. McKinsey Quarterly.Joinson, C. (2002). Save thousands for expatriate. 47, 7.Kirkpatrick, SA, and Locke EA (1996). Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. Journa l of Applied Psychology 8136-51.Koh, WL, Steers, RM, and Terborg JR (1995). The effects of transformational leadership on teacher attitudes and student performance in Singapore. Journal of Organizational Behavior 16 319-333.Mercer, W.M. (2000). Expatriates Risk Management Survey.Minehan, M. (2004). Prepping U.S. Employees for Mexican Success. SHRM Global Forum.Noe, R.A. (2002). Employee Training and Development. New York, NY McGraw Hill.SwaakR.A. Expatriate Failures. Executive Placement International Human Resources.Tarelli, E. (2003). How to Transfer Responsibilities to Local Nationals. SHRM Global Forum.1 Expatriate failure is defined as employees who return home before completing their assignments2 Individualism-collectivism describes the degree to which people act as individuals rather than as members of a group.3 Uncertainty avoidance refers to the degree to which people prefer structure rather than unstructured situations4 Masculinity-feminity refers to the extent to which the culture values behavior considered traditionally masculine (competitiveness) or distaff (helpfulness)5 Power distance refers to expectations for unequal distribution of power in a hierarchy6 Time orientation refers to the degree to which a culture focuses on the future rather than the past and present.

Online Food Catering Essay Example for Free

Online Food Catering EssayWhen I first began this project, I though that I would do the normal pasta and add the cheapest sauce I could find, solely then I thought why make something typical, when I could make something that reflects my culture and is cheap. So I did just that. I went and researched online Arab peasant food and came up with mixed bean soup. Some of the main challenges I faced was keeping the repast under the budget. This was especially difficult because if I add more spice, it will become too expensive, but if I dont I will have a lot of money left hand over. In the end I bought some popsicles for desert(which wouldnt be a good idea in the 30s because the lower class didnt have freezers). The last and probably the hardest challenge I faced was getting my family to beat my dinner. During this project I realized how tough it moldiness be to fork over to think of and execute something that supports your health but is also at such a low cost.When I interviewed m y family members they had some vry interesting views that I didnt expect. My father was happy with the meal and thought it suited the assignment very well though he had some critiques of the flavor of the dish. He also stated that he would eat the dish for long periods of time if necessary, but after more than a couple days, I would choose another dish if possible. He also said that if we were to save a couple bucks we would eat less fresh foods and no fruits or veggies. My brother was a bit less open tending(p) and said that the soup was very bland and boring and that people in the great depression couldnt live with horrible food like this.The healthiness of this meal is fairly good, with the exception of the popsicles. The beans provided exceptional nutritionary value with high concentrations of protein and lots of fats and starch in the pasta. If I would have to live like this for a long time, I would probably get sick of it, but if it the only thing available to eat, I could cope. If a present day depression were to occur, my family would probably sell all UNNESSEARY items and downgrade on items we must have. Within this period I would feel as if my government has betrayed me and I was left for the wolves.

High School vs College Essay Example for Free

High School vs College EssayThe transition from utmost school to college is umpteentimes difficult, but with a little knowledge and planning, students can make the transition very easily. There argon some major(ip) differences between high school and college. There argon differences in the teachers, the cost, and the personal responsibility involved. In high school, teachers be more helpful, in that location is comparatively no cost, and although students are encouraged to be responsible, responsibility lies in general with their parents. In high school, students have it pretty easy. Teachers are there to guide and help students, and often pass on stay after school, offer extra credit or extended projects to help in the acquirement process. Teachers also often communicate with students parents to ensure they know what is going on in the classroom. There is relatively little cost involved with public high school. There are participation salarys for sports and a fee paid a t the beginning of the year, but textbooks are provided free of charge. Some more hands-on classes entrust have additional fees, but most of these classes are electives and do not have to be taken.As far as personal responsibility, in high school, students are expected to behave as if they are preparing to be adults. They are given breaks from time to time, but are expected to behave as if they were nurture for the real world and to take their studies seriously. However, responsibility falls on the parents if a student is struggling in school or not attending classes. In college, teachers are not just teachers any more, the expenses are great, and personal responsibility is one of the lessons most hard learned. In college, teachers are not referred to as teachers. They are instructors or professors.They have high degrees of education in their field, and are passionate about their subjects, often nisus for perfection from their students. College professors often do not accept late or sloppy work and some do not accept extra credit or projects. Many have so many students in a class that they often are not even aware who is or is not in class. College instructors never speak to students parents about grades it is a violation of confidentiality. College is quite expensive, however. In addition to tuition, there are fees for books and supplies and labs. College textbooks can cost up to $150 per class.While parents usually help to offset the be of college, personal responsibility falls solely on the student. Many students attend colleges away from home, so they pauperization to begin doing their own laundry, cleaning, and cooking. Many will also work part-time or full-time jobs in addition to school to pay for the extras that their parents no longer provide. Personal responsibility is one of the lessons that college teaches students. Although they are twain institutions of learning, high school and college are very different. They differ in the teachers, the c ost, and the personal responsibility involved on the part of the students.

Recruitment Selection Process | Case Study

Recruitment Selection Process Case StudyHow does the formation get down the nature and composition of the plyforce? For pattern, does it emphasize low cost or high per mixed bagance, and internal or external labour markets?The party I am diligent with is a furniture comp whatsoever which run fors to do or so of the hiring establish on the high surgical procedure and expenditures internal and external labour markets. Vacancies arise in our comp whatever as employees leave the company such as when they retire or re abbreviate or get promoted to in the buff(prenominal) positions within our company. Our company en accrediteds that we slang certain an adequate lowest cause to replace employees when needed. We adjudicate what requirements we needs such as personnel requirements which allow for be supplied by either bug outside nominees or inside candidates. This decision is all based on need and if we open the qualified staff to grade up and replace when needed. Th e company beats sure to comply with all government policies. We fall in sure to guarantee our valu adapted employees become long-term occupation opportunities. They do this because it would be unfortunate to lose talent to just about other company. We atomic number 18 flexible to accommodate to changes in the nature of employees and in the bearing they do business. They ar flexible and cost put upive in the hiring solve. Our company diementes the nature and composition of the fetchforce by way of disembodied spiriting for the opera hat employees that lead economic aid our company grow and become better and superior. We want a industrial-strength employee community within our company so we work hard to build the relationships with our workforce.How many positions argon make undecomposed annually? How many applications ar received for distri scarceively sluggish position?The organization consists of about cl people which means about approximately 10 hires a year occur from internal promotions or people seeking other types of employment or from turnovers. We do try to keep our employees with us as long as we can since they ar our expertise in the guinea pig. When we must make new hires we do ask that current employees pack on the training of their replacements because we to a lower placestand that they k this instant the ruminates as well as they can. T present be approximately 80 applications received each time there is a vacant opening for hire. This is mainly so high a number of people try foring because of the current recession we are all facing. A normal amount of candidates would be about 20 for each position advertised.What modes are used to recruit candidates?Recruitment at our company involves attracting the right standard of candidates to fall in for strain openings. We prevail to advertises bank lines in different shipway depending on the position avail suitable. We out pose looks at the internal replacement pr ogramme to fill a crinkle opening. This is a process that lists all the current employees that are face for a move which is either at the same level or on a promotion root word. We alike advertise the post internally on our intranet. If there are no capable people in this which are actual from the replacement plan, in the process of development or apply from internally therefore the company needs to dismay to look externally. For external enlisting, we advertise opening finished our website and the available job boards in the stores. Applications are to be filled out online or in the store for positions. The chosen effectiveness candidates are invited for an inter slew followed by their attendance at our sound judgment centre for the final st date of the survival process. We will seek the some cost-effective way of attracting the right candidates. We build up our external puddle of qualified candidates by advertising the job through advertising, employment agencies, executive recruiters, college recruiting, the internet, referrals and walk-ins. It can become pricey to pursuit for candidates although this is sometimes very necessary to ensure the right types of people are able to divulge about our opening. Our company strives to make it easy for candidates to find out about an available job and we get a very simple application process. By accessing our website, a candidate can find out about our local available jobs, caution posts and head positioning positions. The website has an easy to use online application form for people to submit directly through. We ever make sure to n eer discriminate against any mortal with respect to employment because of race, color, religion, sex, national origin or age. All people are invite to apply and be devoted a fairish ascertain to go through the hiring process if they qualify each stage of the way.What is the general set about to selection (i.e., statistical, tasteal, or a combination of the c ardinal)?The general selection approach is through a combination of judg affable and statistical evaluations. Judgmental reading is used in term of that we tend to require an assorted amount of source data based from the managers personal judgments of the individual candidate. We similarly use the previously collected information such as resumes and application forms in our databases to make these judgment calls. We will use statistical information when we make believe do our judgments on who will be asked to accede in call lynchpins for the next qualifying measures. The greenness selection approach we use is to find the necessity key qualifications for each qualified candidates and the coating out of all the unqualified candidates. We make sure we break a list the characteristics and skills that are required for job performance. These requirements are the predictors of job performance. Selection involves choosing the some suitable people from those that have applied fo r an opening magical spell at the same time keeping to the employment laws and regulations. Screening candidates is a very passing primary(prenominal) part of our selection process.The initial selection application in our organization begins with an application form. Our manager uses these to obtain some valid back foundation data. It is besides a valuable tool to use the application form data to make predictions about the candidates future performance. For example application forms have been used in my company many times to predict the job success, job tenure and employee theft. A compassionate resources manager will be able to tell a brood from an application form if they have trained extensively and have some capture in this field. The key thing to recommend is that the personnel planning and recruiting will directly affect employee commitment. This is because commitment depends on the hiring of employees who have the authorization to grow and develop. The to a gre ater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) qualified candidates that have applied the higher chances of the selection standards are able to be.Selection at my company begins with the most effective canvasing and interviewing techniques available. This ensures that those selected for an interview will have the best fit with our job requirements. In the first stages of screening, our selectors will look carefully at each candidates resume. This information helps to summarize the candidates education and job hi paper to date. A well-written and imperative resume helps us to assess whether a candidate matches the individual skills need for the job specializedations for the position. The company also provides a tool that can help to match individuals with careers on our website page. People arouse in workings for us can see where they efficacy fit into our company before applying that way there will be less disappointment if they are non chosen for an interview. Statistical is used in terms of an individual assessment overwhelms the knowledge, skills, and ability examen, character assessment, work sample try outs and assessment screenings.We usually try to use the predictive validation test developed specifically for the type of job and the industry in which our company operates within. The tests we choose tend to be based wholeness(a)s which will depend on the job we are hiring for at the time such as in the warehouse or in the forthice. We believe our test conditions should always be consistent. We hold the tests in areas that are basisably quiet, private, well ventilated and well lit. We also make sure that the entire group of candidates takes the tests under the same evaluation setting. Once completed the test results are to be held in the strictest confidence. They are given altogether to the individuals who have a valid need for the test results. We use the tests that measure the attributes that are important for each type of job success. This choic e is usually based on the experience, previous candidate search and gut instincts of the person performing the tests. We usually use more than one test in a sequence aimed at measuring a variety of possible predictors such as companionability, assertiveness, and mathematical ability. For effectual reason we always make sure that the tests have accurate measures before they are used in evaluating a candidates potential ability to perform well on the job. The fact that similar tests may have proven successful in the same industry is non sufficient enough for us to use them unless we have done our own validation of these tests. If we are using a new test we tend to check the accuracy of it by exam it on the existing employees on the job. We consequently(prenominal) compare the candidates test scores with our current employees to confirmation the validation of these new tests. The one disadvantage is that current employees might non be representative of the new candidates. We use tests as one of a variety of the selection techniques as they are used to supplement the interviews and background checks.The process we use to select external candidates has several stages. Candidates who arrivederci the initial screening process of the application form and resume than has the opportunity to attend our assessment screenings. The assessment screenings takes place in our store and is run by our managers. These assessment screenings help to provide consistency in the selection process. Candidates are given various exercises which include team-work activities or problem solving exercises. These involve really flavour examples of problems they might have to encounter at the work. Candidates that have been approved by the assessment screenings then have an opportunity to have an interview. Managers for the job creation chartered for are offered take part in the interview to make sure that the candidate fits the job requirements. Our company conducts the interview by following the rankout of plan the interview, establish the rapport, question the candidate, close the interview and then review the data. Selection and testing of prospective employees is of salient importance in my workplace. There are very effective reasons why the process of selection and testing is crucial. Performance is extremely crucial to have from an employee since selecting an employee with the right level of performance should always be chosen for the job. Employees who do non have the right level of skills or who are cause ticklishies or involve matters will not be able to perform effectively.To have the most cost effective screening is important because it is expensive to recruit and hire employees. It is estimated that for an administrative assistant who earns $30,000 a year the cost of enlisting is around $12,000. This takes into consideration the total cost of the search fees interviewing time, reference checking or using a company to search on our behalf. Th e cost of hiring employees could be proportionally high and this is a quite significant reason to make sure we hire the right candidates. We are always reviewing and updating our hiring process and making sure specific industry standards are reviewed on a regular basis to ensure that the selection and testing process is fair. Even if a candidate is not able to make it through the hiring process for which ever reason when we chose to not invite them to the next step or they drop out the process we always make sure to keep accurate records. We believe it is extremely important to keep accurate records of why each candidate was rejected during the hiring process. The detailed records of why each candidate was rejected will be held to assist in the research on the trends in recruitment and to evaluate the performance of our recruitment process. We also hold on to them for legal reason should the need ever arise to provide proof of our fair practices.What selection devices or methods are employed?The common selection devices and methods we use include the following ability tests such as somatogenetic, cognitive or psychomotor, knowledge tests, structured interviews, personality tests, the methodical collection of biographic data, and work samples. We must always be evaluating the evidence regarding the degree to which the selection tools predict job performance and the substantiation they put on the rigorousness of the selection tools.Are these selection devices or methods validated? How?The candidate selection devices and methods are usually validated or shown to be job relevant using one or more of the following types of validity. The selection devices are validated through such methods as the validity of subject, concept, or criteria.It is by these meansDoes the organization attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of its RS system? If so, how? Which model does it apply?After we have established the accuracy of the tests we administer the test and hire the employ ees based on their test scores. At a later date compare the success candidates with their test scores with their performance on the job. The recruitment and selection methods are important for finding out the shortcoming of our processes. These test scores render to an organizations success by improving the performance and well-being of its employees. They help to identify how behaviors and attitudes can be improved through hiring practices, training programs, and feedback systems. Our company does attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of its recruitment and selection system through the job analysis procedures. The Job analysis is illustrated as the embedation of the successful employee selection efforts and the performance steering initiatives. A job analysis involves the methodical compilation of information about the specific job that was hired for. Job analysis methods are often done through deuce approaches in our workplace.The first approach being the task oriented job anal ysis this involves an examination of the responsibilities, obligations or experience required by the job. The second approach is the worker oriented job analysis which involves an assessment of the knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics (KSAOs) which are inhering to successfully perform the work. Job analysis data is often amassed using a variety of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The information gathered from a job analysis is then used to create job related selection procedures, performance evaluations and criteria or training curriculums. The other uses of the job analysis information include job evaluations for the purpose of determining compensation levels and job revamping. It is important to know the Job attitudes such as their job satisfaction, commitment, organizational citizenship and retaliation on the company. The job analyst individual may use qualitative methods such as critical occurrence discussions and focal point assemblys to collect data components on the workplace performances.Is the RS system integrated into the organizations strategic management system? If so, how? If not, how would you describe the relationship between the two systems?The recruitment selection process is integrated into the organizations strategic management system byTo what extent does RS abide by human rights principles at each stage of the process? Be specific.At each step of the recruitment selection process human rights principles are abided by strictly because it is very important to maintain ethical motive and local and national legislation. We always make sure that we never exclude anyone before they have had a chance to qualify on their own merits. We are an equal opportunity employer and are open to hiring any individual for any position as long as they qualify for the position.In what other ways could the RS process be evaluated either positively or negatively?The way that the recruitment selection process can be evaluated positively is when there is attractionship through the employees that have been with the company a gage longer than the newer employees this provides a means of advancement for all in the company. Happy employees are a sign that the recruitment and selection process is working. Leadership should be a process by where the elder employed employees are positively supporting, influencing and motivating the other workers. These channeliseers could be members in a position of big businessman such as managers or supervisors or they can be their own fellow workers. This should lead to employees working passionately and efficiently towards achieving the workplace endeavors and purposes. The workplace leaders behave as the ones who identify the potential of a worker and try to put that into actuality. A leader can be a positive leader or a negative leader which could upset the whole of the workplace or bring it to a place of achieving goals. Workers are performing at high standards and understanding and achieving a great deal in the workplace. The leaders see within an organization can be derived from two crucial sources which is that persons personal characteristics and their position or place within the given organization.These personality elements such as their knowledge base, their individual personality, their capacity to successfully work with others, and their established level of exertion. Positional power is derivative from the leaders position within our organization and the sureness encouraged in their behavior. This is either directly or indirectly by the organizations controlling faction to make available either opportunities or restriction for their personal performance levels. The leaders responsibility is to use their positive influence to persuade and encourage individuals within the workplace to focus themselves regarding the achievement of the organizations marks. There are differences that should be distinguished between leadership and management. The way that the recruitment selection process can be evaluated negatively is through counterproductive behavior within the workplace. Counterproductive actions can be seen as employee behavior that departs from the goalive of our business. These actions can be deliberate or accidental and result from an extensive sequence of fundamental rationales and incentives. The types of common counterproductive behavior with most observed assessments within the workplace are the following job turnover, accidents, job performance, absenteeism, theft, violence, substance use, and sexual harassment.In light of the above issues, what recommendations would you make to improve the RS process in the organization?The recommendations that the recruitment selection process can be improved in the organization is through better testing methods that could be suited to each type of personality since not all test are accurate for each person. It would be important to make sure when hiring candidates that durin g the probation conclusion that the new hires are regularly evaluated and let go if they are not reaching the company expectations. It may have been a contend of money to make this new hire but it will be well worth not keep a good employee if they are producing to the standards they should be. Make sure all incidents are reported from the start to management and make sure that management is doing something about these reported issues. If not then maybe management that is condoning these types of workplace behaviors needs to be looked at also. It is never alright to turn a blind centerfield to unsavory situations in the workplace in hopes of the pillow slips that are occurring will go away. It is best to be on top of each and every event as it happens and that consequences are being given as needed. A happy and productive workplace is the goal of every business but we must all do our part to be successful in having this outcome. Having current employees fill out confidential qu estionnaires and surveys on how they feel working for our company and what changes they would like see put into place.Freuds Cases of Hysteria relationship of PsychoanalysisFreuds Cases of Hysteria Birth of PsychoanalysisAbstractThis thesis final payments to the passe-partout case histories that Freud wrote on the long- distresss he inured for rage. Here in these beforehand(predicate) works, the beginnings of psychoanalytical speculation take shape in the acceptance of purely psychological theories of fury. purging leads to the first inklings of repression which requires the use of free association, which again leads into Freuds attempt to explain the strange neuroses he sees through subjection possibility, which is again transformed as his thinking moves on. through Anna O, Frau Emmy von N. and Dora, Freud discovered the seeds of what would become his all-encompassing theory of the human psyche. Modern redeations (e.g. Rosenbaum Muroff, 1984) of those early cases that form the basis of modern psychoanalysis have come and gone, but the original texts remain as historical testament to the fermenting of those fundamental topics.IntroductionHysteria has been a hugely popular subject for research in psychoanalysis and in the history of ideas. Its roots are all the way signalled by the Greek word from which the word comes uterus. Indeed the uterus was seen by Egyptians as a active organism that could move about of its own will when it chose to do so this caused the derangements moreover seen (or acknowledged) in women. Treatments for this complaint included trying to entice the uterus back into the body with the use of attractive-smelling substances as well as the driving down of the uterus from above by the eating of noxious substances. Just under iv thousand years later, the formulation and interference of hysterics had barely improved.The history of wildness shows how it has often been seen as a physical disorder, sort of than a mental one. Borossa (2001) describes some of the most common symptoms of fury as involving palsy of the limbs, coughing, fainting, the loss of speech and parallel to this the sudden proficiency in another language. The change of viewpoint that lead up to Freuds analysis was slow in coming, and, as Bernheimer (1985) describes, only showed the first signs of changing in the seventeenth century with the first questions being raised that perhaps hysteria had its origins in a mental disturbance of some kind.Antecedent to Freuds interest in hysteria, it was the clinical neurologist, Charcot, who had a great influence on the field and accepted, by his methods, a more psychological explanation. Although sexual factors had long been implicated in the aetiology of hysteria (Ellenberger, 1970), Charcot did not agree that they were a sine qua non although he did maintain that they played an important part. He treated forbearings using a form of hypnosis and eventually his formulation of how hysteria was produced and treated was closely intertwined with the hypnosis itself. It was this use of hypnosis that interested Freud and it was the implication of sexual factors in hysteria that was eventually to become influential. It seemed that hysteria and hypnosis might offer Freud the chance to investigate the link between header and body (Schoenwald, 1956).Anna O The First Psychoanalytical PatientThe literature often describes Anna O as the first ever tolerant of of psychoanalysis. As it is notoriously difficult to regulate precisely what psychoanalysis might mean because of its shifting nature through time, this is a claim that is intelligibly interpretational. Still, the fact that this claim is make raises the interest into precisely what it was that marked out Anna Os sermon and the theories go with it from what had gone before. Although Anna O was not a patient of Freud, but a patient of his close confederate at the time, Joseph Breuer, he took a great interest in her case and its treatment, and from it flowed some of the foundational aspects of psychoanalysis twain through the analysis of this case and Freuds chemical reaction and reinterpretation of it. ane of the reasons that Freud was interested in Anna O was that she represented an extremely unusual case of hysteria. Anna O had first been taken ill part she had been taking care of her dying father. At first she suffered from a harsh cough which soon expanded into a range of other perplexing symptoms. Freud Breuer (1991) describe these symptoms as going through four set forth stages. The first stage, the latent incubation, occurred while she was nursing her dying father she had become weak, was not eating and would spend much of the afterwardsnoons sleeping, which was then unexpectedly followed by a power point of excited activity in the evenings. The second stage, which had begun around the time Breuer started treating her, contained a strange confluence of symptoms. Her vision was affected by a squint, she could no longer move any of the extremities on the right side of her body. The third stage, which roughly coincided with the death of her father, heralded alternating states of somnambulism with proportional normality. The fourth stage, according to Breuer, is the slow leaking away of these symptoms up until June 1882, intimately two years after she had first come to see her doc. The question is, how had these symptoms been interpreted and what had Breuer done in claiming to effect a recover?It is in the case of Anna O that the most basic elements of a new public lecture cure can be seen. As told by Breuer, it is a treatment that grew organically, as if by its own power, as he continue to see the patient. Often, in the afternoons, when the patient would habitually fall into an auto-hypnotic state, she would utter odd words or phrases, which, when questioned by those around her, would become elaborated into stories, sometimes taking the form of fairytale s. These stories told to Breuer, changed in character over the period of Anna Os treatment, moving from those that were light and poetic, through to those that contained dark and frightening imagery. The unusual thing about these stories was that after they were told, it was as though a demon had been released from the patient and she became calmer and open to reason, cheerful even, often for a period of twenty-four hours afterwards.There seemed to be, staring Breuer in the face, some kind of connection between the stories that Anna O told him and the symptoms which she was manifesting. It was here that Freud was to find the roots of a purely psychological explanation of hysteria. Breuer describes numerous examples of this connection. On one thing Anna O appeared to be suffering from an uncontrollable thirst and was given to demanding water, although when it was brought, she would refuse to touch it. After half a dozen weeks of this continuing, one day, again in an auto-hypnotic s tate, she started to tell a story about a friend who had allowed her computer-aided design to drink out of a glass. This had apparently caused the patient considerable distress and seemed to have led to hold anger, which was expressed on this occasion to Breuer. Afterwards Breuer was perplexityd to find that her previous craving and then abhorrence of water had disappeared. Other similar connections between symptoms and a story told by the patient were also seen by Breuer so that eventually he came up with the theory that the patient could be cured systematically by going through the symptoms to find the event that had caused their onset. Once the event had been described, as long as it was with sufficient emotional vigour, the patient would show remission of that symptom. It was by this method that Breuer claimed to have effected a cure of Anna O over the period of the treatment.It is from this case, although not in the immediate reporting by Breuer, that some of the most funda mental principles of psychoanalysis begin to form. An element of the story that has now passed into psychoanalytic legend, with some accepting its lawfulness while others rejecting it, provides a more dramatic ending to the therapeutic relationship than that presented by Breuer. According to Freud (1970) in his letters, he pieced together an alternative account of what had happened at the end of Anna Os therapy. According to Freud, Breuer had been treating Anna O in the way he had discovered, as previously described, and had finally reached the point where her symptoms had been removed. Later that day he was called back to his patient to find her in considerable apparent pain in her abdomen. When she was asked what was wrong she replied that, Dr. Bs chela is coming This immediately sent Breuer away from her at the highest speed as he was not able to cope with this new revelation. He then passed her onto a colleague for further treatment as he had already ensured that his wife was jealous of his treatment of Anna O and this new revelation only intensify the problem.Forrester (1990) draws attention to the fact that Breuer acknowledged the importance of sexuality in the causes of neuroses. But despite this, he okay away from Anna Os case as soon as it came to the surface. As Forrester (1990) points out, Freud sees this as Breuers mistake and sees in it the birth of a psychoanalysis, especially one of its most important aspects conveyance, and more specifically sexual transference.Through the way that Breuer describes Anna Os progress in his new type of therapy, the path which the theory of hysteria and its treatment takes gradually emerges. Although Anna Os case was reported later it was Breuer Freud (1893) that used her case as the basis for their theory of hysteria. Breuer Freud (1893) state that they believe that the symptoms of hysteria have, at their root cause, some kind of causal event, perhaps occurring many years before the symptoms expose themselv es. The patient is unlikely to easily reveal what this event is only when because they are not consciously aware of what it is, or that there is a causal connection. They are not unbalanced by the seeming disproportionate nature of the precipitate event and subsequent symptoms. In fact they welcome this disproportionate nature as a defining characteristic of hysteria. Their analysis likens the root cause, or pathogenesis, of hysteria to that caused by a traumatic neurosis perhaps similar to what we would now call post-traumatic stress disorder. The patient has, therefore, suffered a mental trauma that manifests itself in this hysteria. The idea that the psychic trauma simply has a precipitating effect on the symptoms is dis at sea by the authors referring to the evidence they have from the case studies of the remarkable progress their patients made after the memory of the psychical trauma has been exorcised through its explication and re-experiencing.Importantly, in defining t he problem, Breuer Freud (1893) see the symptoms as a kind of ruin of reaction to the original event. The memory of the event can only fade if the reaction to that event has not been suppressed. And it is here that there is a clear precursor to ideas central to later Freudian theory about the nature and causes of repression. In normal reactions to psychical traumas, the authors talk of a cathartic effect resulting in a release of the energy. The reverse of this, the suppression of catharsis (Freeman, 1972), is seen here as the cause of the symptoms adequately evidenced by the new treatment of a kind of delayed catharsis that appears to release the patient from their symptoms. What, then, are the apparatuss by which a psychical trauma of some kind is not reacted to sufficiently? both answers are provided here, the first that because of the slew of the trauma, it was not possible to form a reaction in other words the reactions is suppressed. The second is that a reaction may no t have been possible due to the mental state of the person at that time for example during a period of paralysing fear. The heap in which the failure of a reaction occurs is also instrumental in the burying of these thoughts and feelings and helps to explain why the patient themselves is not able to access them in the normal ways.Frau Emmy von N.Freuds interest in hysteria and in hypnosis was certainly piqued by both Charcot and Breuer and having collaborated on the latters work with Anna O including the belief that he had found a theory of matter-of-fact benefit it was only a matter of time before he became further involved in the treatment of hysteria himself. Reported as the second case history in The Studies on Hysteria, (Breuer Freud, 1991) a patient of Freuds, Frau Emmy von N., exhibited symptoms that typified hysteria and Freud indomitable to treat her. He reports that the patient was 40 years old, was from a good family and of high education and intelligence. She had been widowed at a young age, leaving her to look after her two children this she ascribed as the cause of her current malady. Freud describes her first meeting as being continually interrupted by the patient breaking off, and suddenly displaying signs of disgust and horror on her face while telling him to, keep open still and other similar remonstrations. Apart from this the patient also had a series of tics, some facial, but the most pronounced being a clacking sound which littered her utterances. Freuds initial treatment was more physical than mental. She was told to take warm baths and be given massages. This was combined with hypnosis in which Freud simply suggested that she sleep well and that her symptoms would lessen. This was helped by the fact that Freud reports that Frau Emmy von N. was an extremely good hypnotic subject he only had to raise his finger and make a few simple suggestions to put her into a trance. Freud wonders whether this compliance is due to previous ex posure to hypnosis and a desire to please.A week later Freud asked his patient why she was so easily frightened. She replied with a story about a traumatic experience that had occurred when she was younger her older brothers and sisters had thrown dead animals at her. As she described these stories to Freud, he reports that she was, panting for breath as well as displaying obvious difficulty with the emotions that she was traffic with. After these emotions have been expressed, she became calmer and more peaceful. Freud also uses touch to reinforce his suggestion that these unnerving images have been removed. on a lower floor hypnosis, Freud continued to elicit these stories that demonstrated why she was so often nervous. She explained to Freud that she had once had a maidservant who told her stories of life in an asylum including beatings and patients being tied to chairs. Freud then explained to her that this was not the usual situation in asylums. She had also apparently seen h allucinations at one point, seeing the same person in two places and being hypnotized by it. While she had been nursing her dying brother, who was taking large quantities of morphine for the pain he was in, he would frequently grab her suddenly. Freud see this as part of a pattern of her being seized against her will and resolved to investigate it further.It was a few days after this that quite a significant point in the therapy came. Emmy von N. was again explaining about the frightening stories of the asylum and Freud stopped himself from correcting her, intuitively realising that he had to let her give full vent to her fears, without redirecting her course. This is perhaps a turning point in the way in which Freud treated his patient, made clearer by the historical context in which this scene operates. While still seen as authority figures now, physicians were much stronger authority figures then. This combined with the greater imbalance of power between men and women would hav e meant that the patient would be naturally hesitant about taking any control over their own treatment. Forrester (1990) sees this as a shift in the pattern of authority between the doctor and the patient that originated in Breuers treatment of Anna O a move from the telling the patient what to do, to listening to what the patient has to say. Forrester (1990) constructs the relationship that Freud began to build with Emmy von N. as more of a framework of authority within which the patient was able to express her thoughts and feelings to the doctor and in this moxie the doctors job is to help the patient keep up this outpouring of stories. At this stage of the development of the therapy, the facilitation of the story-telling is being achieved by hypnosis, although later Freud was to move away from this.How great the shift in the power balance was, it is difficult to tell a this distance, but what is clear from the case report is that Emmy von N.s case provided a much more convolute d series of psychical traumas and symptoms than that presented by Anna O. While Anna Os symptoms seemed to match the traumatic events rather neatly, Emmy von Ns mind was not nearly as well organised. At one point Freud discovers that taking the lift to his office causes his patient a considerable amount of stress. To try and examine where this comes from he explores whether she has had any previous traumatic experiences in lifts a logical first step within the theoretical framework. Coincidentally, it appears, the patient mentions that she is very worried about her daughter in relation to elevators. The next logical step then should be that talking about this fear should release the affect and lead to catharsis, but this is not what Freud finds. The next part of the fuck off is revealed when he finds out that she is currently menstruating, then finally the last part falls into place when he finds out that as her daughter has been suffering ovarian problems, she has had to travel i n a lift in order to meet with her doctor. After some deliberation Freud realises that there is in fact a preposterous connection between the patients menstruation and the worry at her daughter using a lift. It is this confusion of connections that Freud begins to realise is a form of defence to the traumatic thoughts.Freuds Treatment of HysteriaIn the final part of Studies in Hysteria Freud sets out his theory of hysteria and what he has learnt about its treatment. Not only does this part of the platter recap some of the themes already discussed but it also highlights some future direction in which Freuds work would travel. Two key signposts are seen first in his stance on hypnotism, and secondly in his view on what constitutes hysteria. In an attempt to be of benefit to patients with hysteria, who he believed this treatment would help, he tried to treat as many as possible. The problem for him was how to tell the difference between a patient with hysteria and one without. Freud chose an interesting solution to what might have been a protracted problem of diagnosis. He simply treated patients who seemed to have hysteria and let the results of that treatment speak for themselves. What this immediately did was to widen out the object of his enquiry to neuroses in general. Picking up on the lightly touched theme of sexual transference between Breuer and Anna O mentioned earlier, Freud made his feelings about the roots of neurotic problems quite clear, and in the process set the agenda for psychoanalysis for the next century or more. He believed that one of the primal factors in neuroses lay in sexual matters. In particular Freud came to acknowledge that peoples neuroses rarely came in a pure form, as the early and almost impossibly neat case of Anna O had signposted, and that in fact people were more of a mixed bag. Looking back through the cases reported in Studies on Hysteria Freud explains that he came to see a sexual undercurrent in his notes that had not been at the forefront of his mind when he had treated the patients. Especially in the case of Anna O as already noted Freud felt Breuer had missed a trick.What these ideas seem to be adding up to is almost a rejection of hysteria, if not as a separate diagnosis, certainly as a category of disease practically amenable to treatment. Freud, however, is defensive about rejecting the idea of hysteria as a separate diagnosis, despite the fact that that is the direction in which his thoughts are heading. At this stage he believes it can be treated as a separate part of a patients range of symptoms and the effect of this treatment will be governed by its relative importance overall. Those patients, like Anna O, who have relatively pure cases of hysteria will respond well to the cathartic treatment, while those diluted cases will not.The second key signpost for the future of psychoanalysis was Freuds use of hypnosis. What he found was that many of the patients he saw were simply not hypnot isable Freud claims unwillingness on their part but other writers are of the sound judgement that he was simply not that good at it (Forrester, 1990). This was a problem for Freud because Breuers formulation of the treatment for hysteria required that events were recollected that were not normally available to a person. Hypnosis had originally proved a good method and indeed in Anna Os case the only method for gaining access to these past events. In response, Freud now turned away from hypnosis to develop his own techniques for eliciting the patients traumatic events. These were quite simple he insisted that the patient remember what the traumatic event was, and if they still could not, he would ask the patient to lie down and close their eyeball nowadays one of the archetypal images of patient and analyst. Freud saw the patients reluctance of his patients to report their traumatic events as a one of the biggest hurdles in his coalescing form of therapy. He came up with the id ea that there was some psychical force within the patient that stopped the memories from being retrieved. From the patients he had treated, he had found that the memories that were being held back were often of an embarrassing or shameful nature. If was for this reason that the patient was activating psychical defence mechanisms. At this stage he hoped to be able to show in the future that it was this defence or draw of the traumatic event to the depths of the memory that was causing so much psychical pain to the patient.Overcoming this psychical force, Freud found, was not as simple as insisting, and he developed some further techniques. Patients would easily drift off their point or simply dry up and it needed more powerful persuasion to return them to the traumatic event. One particular technique he found extremely useful and would almost invariably use it when treating patients. This involved placing his hand on the patients head and instructing them that when they feel the pr essure they will also see an image of their traumatic event. Having assured the patient that whatever they see, they should not worry that this image is inappropriate or too shameful to discuss, then they are asked to attempt a description of the image. Freud believed that this system worked by distracting the patient, in a similar way as hypnosis, from their conscious searching for the psychical trauma and allowed their mind to wander free.Even using the new technique of applying pressure, it did not provide direct access to the psychical trauma. What Freud found was that it tended to signal a jumping off point or a way-station, somewhere on the way to or from the trauma. Sometimes the image produced would provide a new starting point from which the patient could work, sometimes it fitted into the flow of the subject of discussion. Occasionally the new image would bring a long-forgotten idea to the patients mind which would surprise them and initially seem to be unrelated, but lat er turn out to have a connection. Freud was so pleased with his new pressure technique that, in complex cases, he would often use it always on the patient. This procedure would bring to light memories that had been hitherto completely forgotten, as well as new connections between these memories and even, sometimes, thoughts that the patient doesnt even believe to be their own.Freud is careful to point out that although his pressure technique was useful, there were a number of very strong forms of defence that stopped him gaining easy access to the patients psychical trauma. He often found that in the first instance, applying pressure by his hand to the patient would not work, but when he insisted to the patient that it would work the next time, it often would. Still, the patient would sometimes immediately reinterpret or, indeed, begin to edit what was seen, thus making the reporting much less useful. Freud makes it clear that sometimes the most useful observations or memories of the patient are those that they consider to be of least use or relevance. Also, the memories will tend to emerge in a haphazard fashion, only later, and with the skill of the analyst, being fitted together into a coherent picture. Freud refers to this as a kind of censoring of the traumatic events, as though it can only be glimpsed in a mirror or partially occluded around a corner. lento but sure the analyst begins to build up a picture with the accretion of material. There is nothing, Freud believed that is not relevant every piece of information is a link in the chain, another clue to the event that has traumatised the psyche.Another major component of psychoanalysis makes its first appearance in the Studies on Hysteria. Freud describes a final defence or block against the work of treating hysteria in the very relationship between the patient and doctor. Indeed, Freud sees this defence is sure to arise, and perhaps the most difficult defence of all to overcome. The first of the three circumstances in which it may arise is a simple, probably small, breakdown in the relationship between the physician and patient. It might be that the patient is unsure about the physicians techniques or alternatively has felt slighted in the treatment in some way. This can be rectified with a sensitive discussion. The second of the three circumstances occurs when the patient becomes fearful that they will lose their independence because of a reliance on their treating physician. As almost all of Freuds patients who had hysteria were women, this could be conceived as a sexual reliance. The third circumstance is where the patient begins to take the problem that they are trying to resolve and transfer it onto the physician, thereby seeing their problem there preferably of where it really exists. Freud provides the straightforward example of the sexual transference of a female patient of his who suddenly developed the vision of kissing him. He reports that the patient could not be analysed any further until this block had been addressed. The mechanism by which this transference happens, he posits, is that the patient creates a false connection between the compulsion which is the basis for their treatment and the therapist, rather than its original recipient. In treating these defences Freud makes it clear that the main aim should be to make the patient aware that this problem exists, and then once they are aware of it, the problem is largely dealt with. The challenge, then, is getting the patient to admit to these potentially embarrassing feelings.The etiology of HysteriaThe development of Freuds theory of the aetiology of hysteria provides one of the most insightful, and sometimes controversial, areas of his work. The formation of the theory, like the work on its treatment, provided another important testing ground for some of the basic elements of what would later become psychoanalysis.Previous authors, including Breuer in the joint work with Freud in St udies on Hysteria, gave great weight to the heredity factors in the causes of hysteria. Freud meanwhile acknowledged these ideas, but in Heredity and the Aetiology of the Neuroses (Freud, 1896b) set out the three factors he believed were important and began to formulate a new theory. The causes of hysteria could be broken down into (1) Preconditions this would include hereditary factors, (2) concurrent causes which are generalised causes and (3) specific causes, these being specific to the hysteria itself. It is in these specific causes he believed he had found an important contribution to aetiology of the condition.One of the common factors of the patients Freud was seeing, and the one he was coming to see as defining, was in their sexual problems. He reports that while many suffered from a range of different symptoms such as constipation, dyspepsia and fatigue, almost all of them had some kind of sexual problems. These ranged from the inability to achieve orgasm to a more genera l inability to have a satisfying sexually relationship. Freud saw this as a very significant problem as he maintains that the nervous systems needs to be regularly purged of sexual tension. This pattern across his patients, and the development of his theory of traumatic psychical events, led him to wonder what past events could have caused the sexual dysfunction the patients with hysteria were manifesting. Radically, and expecting no small amount of opposition to the idea, Freud advanced the theory that these neuroses were caused by sexual abuse before the age of sexual maturity. Of the thirteen cases that Freud had treated at the time of the paper, all of them had been subject to sexual abuse at an early age. However, Freud does make it clear that the information about their sexual lives is not obtained without some considerable pressure, and it only emerges in a fragmentary way that has later to be pieced together by the therapist. At this early stage of the theory, Freud believed that the sexual abuse left a psychical trace and formed the traumatic experience which was locked away in the depths of the mind.These ideas were much further developed and expanded on in Further remarks on the neuro-psychoses of defence (Freud, 1896a). Earlier Freud had grouped together hysteria with hallucinatory states and obsessions (Freud, 1894) and had begun to formulate the idea that all of these conditions had a common aetiology. In particular, Freud felt these were all part of an area where the ideas of psychological defences and psychological repression were important. Freud had found that patients he had seen had suffered sexual abuse sometimes as early as two years old and up to the age of ten, which he drew as an artificial cut-off point. What other theorists saw as a heredity, Freud saw as the confluence of factors for example if a boy had been sexually abused when he was five then it was likely that his brother would have been abused by the same person. Rather than seeing heredity as a separate factor in hysteria, he saw the sexual abuse as a replacement for heredity, sometimes exclusively, as the root cause in itself. The theory shows an interesting divergence in the analysis of obsessional neuroses. Here, Freud believed that the obsessional neuroses were caused by a sexual activity in childhood rather than the sexual passivity typical of abuse. These ideas linked in neatly to the greater preponderance of obsessional neuroses in males. A logical division is therefore made with the females, the apparently more passive sex suffering from hysteria, while the apparently more active sex suffering from obsessions. In searching for the aetiology of these two conditions, it is here that Freud prefigures his future thinking on stages of sexual development by introducing the idea that the development of neuroses and/or hysteria is/are dependent on when the sexual abuse occurs in the developmental stages of the child, with sexual ichor providing the cu t-off point.In The Aetiology of Hysteria Freud again makes clear his divergence from his mentor, Charcot, in claiming that heredity is not the most important factor in the aetiology of hysteria (Freud 1896c). Freud (1896c) travels back through the life-histories of the patients he has treated looking for the original source of the psychical trauma, discounting all sexual experiences at puberty and later. It is only in pre-pubescent children, when the potential for harm is at its greatest that there lies a sufficient cause. Freuds theory revolves around the idea that at a