Does Facebook Help or Hinder Offline Friendships Essay

Some of the effect of the ever-growing societal networking is the lack of incline to take care interaction. Now websites such as Facebook allow you to find your long deep in thought(p) friend but hinders the ability to go emerge and find friends lay out to face. The question remains does it help or does it hinders a persons interaction ability. In my opinion it helps that person get over the favorable anxieties and be able to enunciate so when a person meets face to face it is not so awkward and being able to communicate builds confidence when speaking.There was an article in the New York Times where they asked this genuinely same question. Which state that If anything, Facebook has helped me sift through the friends Im able with keeping at arms length by whirl the perfect vehicle to do it through. (Wortham, 2011). Being able to sort out your friends and like Wortham stated at an arms length it helps. ethnic Impact The impact that social media plays in our everyday life is exceeding but for some there are mixed emotions.Some socialisation such look down upon social media because it could be dangerous or even discourage you a commission from your beliefs. It could impact an entire family or live people find out information about you that should be private. I feel for the most part most cultures rely on social media as much as the mainstream society. Its an easy and inexpensive way to keep in touch with friends and families across the globe. Besides the Amish and some midriff Eastern cultures I find the it helps to better know your friends and help you to meet new ones that you would of never met if it wasnt for social media.

Determination of Brand Personality Dimensions Essay

abridgment This enquiry was conducted to (i) identify disfigurement constitution dimensions of a laptop reckoner computer amongst computer science students (ii) experience significant differences in the dent character dimensions of the laptop jibe to the students background of gender, sword leted, year of study and programs and (iii) examine the relationship betwixt sensed steel personality of the laptop and its character rating. The measurement of brand personality was based on the Aakers deformity Personality Scale.A total of 268 questionnaires were gathered from computer science students in a Malaysian public university using Stratified Random sampling method. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to validate the measurement. The findings revealed that sincerity was the benevolentity characteristic that users of the laptop associated themselves with the brand. Ruggedness was a brand personality that nonusers associated themselves with the laptop. operative means differences were observed in the brand personality dimensions of the laptop according to the students gender, present year of study and academic program.For users of the laptop, sincerity and modern of the brand personality dimensions were electropositively correlated with the brand quality rating. For non-users, a positive correlation existed between ruggedness, diligent and modern of the brand personality with the brand quality rating. Several implications were drawn based on the results of the research to call forth branding strategies of the laptop and for future researches. Keywords Brand Personality, Brand Personality Scale, laptop Computer Copyright ? 2A number of researchers form examined the success and failure of a brand. However, one area of branding strategy that has been largely overlooked by researchers is brand personality. When consumers view a brand as having human characteristics, the brand is said to have a personality. For instance, brands such as Harl ey Davidson (Ruggedness), Nike (Excitement), Hallmark (Sincerity), Wall Street Journal (Competence) and Tiffany (Sophistication) have all been plant to have strong brand personalities. Yet, what kind of personality traits would a laptop computer brand have?The laptop computer industry in Malaysia is facing competitive challenges among 30 different laptop computer brands from somewhat the world such as Acer, Lenovo, Dell, HP, Compaq, Twin Head and such more. With the stiff going researches and developments, this competition becomes trickier for laptop computer manufacturers where all of them try to take different identity as the reason to become outstanding in the market. This is vital because all strong laptop brands (e. g. Dell, Acer, and HP) possess outstanding quality, operate and at the same time granting the promises they gave to the consumers.Brand personality becomes compulsory to grow better communication with their customers through their identity. Due to the aggressi ve competition between laptop computers company, brand personality helps them to build their take in personality and image in order to become salient-kill in the eye of the consumers. A well established brand personality ordain allure consumers brand preference and patronage and develops stronger emotional ties, trust, and loyalty with the brand. Thus, the purpose of this research is to determine the brand personality of a laptop computer among students of computer science in a public university in Malaysia.Specifically, in the start-off objective, we looked to see if this laptop computer brand have a brand personality and the second objective is to identify how this personality differs according to the demographic background of its users and users of other brands. Lastly, in the third objective we investigated the relationship between the laptop computer brands perceived personality and its perceived quality ratings. What is brand personality? As defined by Aaker (1997), brand personality refers to the set of human characteristics associated with a brand.Aaker sequesters that the brands are the same with the human personality or character, and the brand personality is created when a consumer attached his or her personality-like character to a specific brand. According to Hawkins, et al (2001), brand personality can be considered as what type of person the brand would be if it were human and what it would do and like. Copyright ? 2012 Society of Interdisciplinary telephone circuit Research (www. sibresearch. org) Rev. Integr. Bus. Econ. Res. Vol 1(1) 2. 2 116 Brand as a person/ emblematical use As suggested by Aaker (1997), brand personality is created in the attitude of brand as a person.It has the same concept with Hawkins, Best, and Coney (2001) where they assume that the brand to be a human and every human has his own personality. Beyond such expectations, consumers often invest brands identities with human personality attributes, and this in turn l eads to the symbolic use of the brand (Hawkins et al. , 2001). According to Aaker (1996), by anticipate the brand as a person, it can create a self-expressive get that becomes a vehicle for the customer to express his or her own personality. For example, orchard apple tree notebook users might identify themselves as casual, young, anti-corporate and creative.Therefore, a brand have a personality when users value beyond its functional utility and consumers will use brands as symbolic devices to explain and express their own grumpy personality (de Chernatony and McWilliam, 1990). 2. 3 Aakers Brand Personality Scale In order to measure brand personality, Aaker (1997) had established a 42-item scale by eliminating redundancy from trait list optioned from three sources personality scales from psychologists, personality scales apply by marketers (academics and practitioners), and original qualitative researches.

What is the impact of road safety on the design and management of road networks?

Abstract way transport is the most common type of transportation worldwide, which inevitably style that profession misadventures, and returning casualties, atomic number 18 a regular occurrence. Further, the frame of cars in juvenile years, which combine risque- travel engines with poor bridle-path exploit, has a direct correlation with the occurrence of accidents. Consequentially, itinerary natural rubber has become a common refer within all countries throughout the world. In my opinion, pass prophylactic abide be make betterd by incorporating germane(predicate) nonrepresentational, climatic and physical esteems in the image of driveways. In addition, the application of an aw arness program in precept and advertising plays a signifi stick outt situation in strengthening path skillfulty and reducing accidents. On the basis of the foregoing, when one is building a safe passageway, every factor of preventive should be taken into consideration and at every stage of the process, including shape.The primary(prenominal) objective of this bill is to instaurationate the dissemble of route prophylactic considerations in the aim of alleys and the solicitude of the bridle-path ne cardinalrk, and how the aim of decreasing bridle-path traffic accidents and casualties influences nonrepresentational design, traffic design and structural design in road social structure. In particular, geometric design and traffic design are greatly influenced by road rubber eraser standards, as evidenced in the geometric design of roundabouts, junctions, and matter-of-fact and cyclist highways. By relying on a specific depicted object theater, this publisher will in like manner investigate roundabout design and its interrelation with road preventative for instance, whilst roundabouts are likely safer than intersections be casing they encourage a decline in vehicles speed and conflict points, it has been found that roundabouts with signalisati on are safer for both cyclists and uninterestings. For these reasons, it is absorb that the improvement of road safe requires the inclusion of safeguard in road design and caution procedures.IntroductionThe road network is a magisterial structure, which is constructed on invariable criteria for the purpose of road transportation and designed with real considerations (such as traffic, climate condition and the environment) in mind. It is used by the bulk of people worldwide, which is unsurprising considering the volume of traffic accidents and road link deaths and injuries. so in recent times, this is lots seen as a global phenomenon, with the sum of road related deaths ranging from between 0.75 and 0.8 million annually1. Unfortunately, it also appears that this number is to a greater extent and much rising indeed, a 2008 publication of the knowledge domain Health Organisation (World health statistics) estimated that the death evaluate from traffic accidents globally is 2.2%, and that due to the manufacture of car engines capable of higher speeds and the development of the economy in development countries, it is anticipated that this figure will dramatically plus to about 3.6% by 20302. Likewise, road traffic accident costs are expected to increase. on that point are three main factors which contri thoe to road traffic accidents road and engineering deficiencies road exploiter errors (human factors) and vehicle defects3. Indeed, a UK bring from the 1970s demonst wanderd that the human factor plays an unfavorable role in 95% of accidents, whilst 28% and 8% of accidents are at least partly caused by environmental and vehicle shortcomings4. For these reasons, it is not logical to focus exclusively on one single factor. It is clear that the fact that road user errors feature in the majority of accidents proves that the human factor is the principle cause of traffic accidents however, if the construction of roads was geometrically change, thi s may not be the case. Indeed, according to Restructuring road institutions, finance and circumspection engineering5, engineering is one of quartet factors that influence road safety (along with enforcement, education, and climate). By focusing on the impact of the engineering factor on road safety improvement, the objective of this report isTo demonstrate and define the concept of road safety. To explain the incorporation of safety features in road design and management.This report consists of 6 parts methodological analysis an explanation of road safety, road design, and road management the impact of road safety factors on the geometric design and management of roads a presentation of a case study on road intersections, cyclists and pedestrian safety at roundabouts a discussion and finally, a conclusion2. methodologyTo demonstrate the effect of the road safety considerations on road design and management, this paper will investigate road intersections through a case study link ed to geometric design, and then discuss the safety of cyclists and pedestrians in relation to roundabouts. chequer Figure 1.3. highroad safetyAccording to Oxford Wordpower Dictionary1, safety is delimit as the state of macrocosm safe not being dangerous or in danger, whilst road safety is defined as the prevention of road accidents. The purpose of roads is to go forth facilities for safe travel and transport, and improved road safety toilet be achieved in the design and management of road management by incorporating safety orientated design criteria, design values and interventions2. Such an approach could not only lead to a decrease in road related deaths and accidents, but it could also coif roads more accessible. Indeed, as outlined in the DTMRQ manual3, such an outcome can be achieved with the application of certain factorsup road network safety using a risk management approach Designing for safer travel for all road users Providing safer access to the road system for c yclists and pedestrians Ensuring work site safety and Co-ordinating with otherwise government agencies in partnership.As stated above, road users errors is the main factor which contributes to road accidents. However, it has been ascertained that the enhancement of engineering design and management can influence drivers expression positively and reduce the number of such errors4. It should be noted that no road is absolutely safe and that the safety of a road is often measured on the volume of accidents on it. For that reason, it is logical to indicate that the construction of a road involves the use of a nominal safety level54. highway designAccording to Oxford Wordpower Dictionary6, design is defined as to plan and make a drawing of how something will be made. The three aspects of design that must be considered in the construction of roads are geometric design (which relates to physical elements such as upright piano and horizontal curves, roadway widths, clearances, cross-se ction dimensions, etc7) traffic design and structural design. Good road design standards involve a combination of these three variable aspects to produce good and safer road.4.1 Geometric designRoad geometric design involves horizontal and vertical alignment and road cross-section, with the determination of these elements based on the criteria of road safety8. The reduction of the road accident rate is importantly influenced by these elements meaning in that respect is a clear relationship between road design and road safety. For example, it has been found that junctions that are geometrically designed with road safety in mind see a smaller number of road accidents. safe geometric design can involve a reduction in the number of conflict points (with the construction of channels). Indeed, it has been found that the use of roads with two lanes, which are each 3.7m wide, are safer than roads with one lane that is 2.7m wide9. In addition, it is felt that the presence of the median r educes the cross-median accident rate, even where it is narrow, and that the inclusion of safety fences at the outer edge of roads plays a authoritative role in road safety10. Road ManagementAccording to Robinson (2008)11, road management is defined as a process that is attempting to optimise the overall performance of the road network overtime. This involves implement that motivates or can affect the road network quality and efficiency during the service lifespan and which facilitates trade, health protection, and education by enhancing accessibility. Further, the improvement of road efficiency, effectiveness and safety can lead to increasing economic well-being as a result of lower commodity prices. Road management is affected by a number of factors, but the dominant is accident levels and costs, which is directly related to road users and economic infrastructure12. As a consequence, road management action can involve the policing of vehicle speed in order to improve safety. Ad ditionally, it can also include such activities which are conducted on the road itself and the surrounding environment, such as road maintenance. As Robinson (2008) states, the aim of road maintenance is to make roads safer because it contributes to the geometric factors in the areas ofPavement and footway move up Carriageway marking and delineation and Signs, street lights and furniture.13In this way, road safety can be incorporated in road management for example, the continuous patch of pavements reduces vehicle operating costs to be reduced and the rate of accidents on the road. Road intersectionsRoad intersections are a significant part of the road network structure, and in spite of their simple function, they contributes more than 20% of sinister road accidents in the EU14 and even though it has been reported that about 31% of serious accidents occur in non-built-up areas, 65% occurred at built-area junctions in 1984 in the UK15. According to the Federal Highway Administra tion (2006)16, road intersection safety has become a considerable problem in the ground forces because more than 45% of virtually 2.7 million smash-upes that occurred there in 2004 happened at junctions. Unfortunately, in spite of the fact that junction design and traffic standards have seen a significant improvement generally, it has not caused a significant reduction in the rate of accidents per year. For those reasons, the FHWA supported the concept of converting intersections to roundabouts in order to decrease the rate of accidents and to provide increase safety.Rate of fatal casualties in EU at junctions and other locations of roads Case studyA study was carried out in 8 States of the USA in 2004 for 24 junctions before and after diversity to roundabout. It resulted in a 39% reduction of overall crash rates, with a 90% and 76% reduction in the fatal and injury crashes, respectively1. See Table 1.Reduction of crashes following roundabout conversions at 24 U.S. junctions I n 8 states in USAReduction In Crashes % In 2004OverallFatalInjury -39%-90%-76%Table 1 the entropy from FHWA, 2006DiscussionThe reduction in the level of road traffic accidents in the case study proves that replacing junctions with roundabouts is the logical decision in the USA because it is clear that such a course of action increases overall safety. Unfortunately, the study sample is small as it does not cover all safety aspects, and the safety of the cyclist and pedestrian is not clarified because the crashes categorized are only based on motor vehicles. It should be noted that approximately 75% of cyclist accidents occur at roundabouts2. For that reason, the impact of roundabouts on passengers and cyclists is cum laude of investigation.8.1 Roundabout and road designAccording to Fortuijn (2003)3, the majority of cyclist-car accidents occur when a cyclist is move in the roundabout and a car either enters or exits from the roundabout. It has also been said that roundabouts that a re charactarised with a significant design feature (e.g. a requirement to reduce vehicle speed to 30phm, use of a exchange island, a right angle connection between roadways and circular roadways, or a right of way traffic movement) serve to reduce crash rates and cyclist accidents. Another characteristic that improves road safety at roundabouts is the reduction of conflict points to about a quarter of the number apply at other junctions.8.2. Roundabout and road managementModern roundabouts are recognised with high capacity, low speed, and non-use of signalisation. The use of roundabout signalisation is typical betant on traffic volume and safety. Nevertheless, the roundabouts that dont use signalisation are still safer than junctions1. Further, the maintenance of traffic signs, lights and pavement surface serve to increase road life service and safety.The manufacture of vehicles with higher speed engines may serve to reduce the efficiency of roundabouts and increase the safety ha zards to cyclists and pedestrians, especially at times of high traffic volume. According to the findings of the London Road rubber Unit (2003)2, the roundabouts with signalisation are safer for both cyclists and pedestrian, based on a study which was conducted in 2003 for a number of roundabouts, before and after signalisation ConclusionThis report has sought to demonstrate the impact of road safety in design and road management by defining and analysing the relevant concepts, with particular attention paid to cyclist and pedestrian safety. The following points were also concludedRoad accidents occur due to three main factors road users, environment and engineering. The level of road safety measures that are utilized depend on the volume of accidents. Road safety is incorporated into road design and management through incorporation of safety considerations. Road safety is improved through road maintenance. Roundabouts typically serve to reduce vehicle speed and conflict points, whi ch in turn can reduce the road accident rate, and increase the safety of cyclists and pedestrian. It is believed that the road design and management plays a significant role in road safety enhancement through the fundamental interaction of safety criteria with the road efficiency. Signalisation at roundabouts can increase the safety of cyclists and pedestrians, and a cyclist right of way can reduce the rate of car-cyclist accident ReferencesRobinson, R., & Thagesen, B. (2004). Road engineering for development, second ed. Taylor & Francis. London.Moller, M., & Hels, T. (2008). Cyclists perception of risk in roundabouts.Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(3), 1055-1062. online https//wiki.cecs.pdx.edu/pub/ItsWeb/BikeBoxes/Moller_Hels_2007.pdf accessed October nineteenth 2013Fortuijn, L. G. H. (2003). Pedestrian and Bicycle-Friendly Roundabouts Dilemma of Comfort and rubber eraser. online, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. http//www.mnt.ee/failid/SlowTrRoundb.pdf accesse d October 19th 2013Antoniou, C., Tsakiri, M., & Yannis, G. (2012). ROAD SAFETY IMPROVEMENTS IN JUNCTIONS USING 3D LASER SCANNING. online http//www.nrso.ntua.gr/geyannis/images/stories/ge/Publications/Papers-Conferences/geyannis-pc144.pdf accessed October 16th 2013DTMRQ, (2010). Road preparedness and design manual design philosophy. online, Brisbane, segment of Transport and Main Roads of Queensland. http//www.tmr.qld.gov.au//media/Business%20and%20industry/Technical%20standards%20and%20publications/Road%20planning%20and%20design%20manual/ menses%20document/RPDM_Chapter2.pdfAccessed October 14th 2013.DTMRQ, (2010). Road planning and design manual road planning and design fundamentals. online, Brisbane,Department of Transport and Main Roads of Queensland. http//www.tmr.qld.gov.au//media/Business%20and%20industry/Technical%20standards%20and%20publications/Road%20planning%20and%20design%20manual/Current%20document/RPDM_Chapter3.pdfAccessed October 17th 2013.FHWA, (2006). Priority mar ket-ready technologies and innovations. Problem intersection crashes account for more than 45 percent of all crashes nationwide. online, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. http//www.fhwa.dot.gov/resourcecenter/teams/safety/saf_7rnd.pdf accessed 18th October 2013.Fouladvand, M. E., Sadjadi, Z., & Shaebani, M. R. (2004). Characteristics of vehicular traffic flow at a roundabout. online corporeal Review E, 70(4), 046132. http//arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0309560.pdf accessed October 14th 2013Grime, G., 1987.Handbook of road safety research.Bodmin Butterworths.Hauer, E, (1999). Safety in geometric design standards. online, Toronto. http//portalantigo.cefid.udesc.br/ciclo/workshop/Hauer.Safety.GeoDesign.pdf Accessed October 17th 2013.London Street Management-London Road Safety Unit. http//www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/SignalsatRoundabouts-TransportationProfessiona-Article.pdfMinistry of Transport, (1966). Roads in urban areas. Ministry of transport Scottish development department. London.Oxford Wordpower Dictionary, (2013). Oxford University press,Persaud, B N and others, (2000). Crash reductions following installation of roundabouts in the United States. online. https//www.dot.ny.gov/main/roundabouts/files/insurance_report.pdf Accessed 21th October 2013.Robinson, R, 2008. Restructuring road institutions, finance and management, volume 1 concepts and principles.Totton University of Birmingham, Birmingham.Slinn, M., Matthews, P., & Guest, P. (2005). Traffic engineering design. Principles and practice. 2nd ed. Arnold, London. online httpwww.amazon.comTraffic-Engineering-Design-Second-Editiondp0750658657 accessed 20th October 2013WHO, (2008).World health statistics. online, Paris, World Health Organisation. onlinehttp//www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/EN_WHS08_Full.pdf accessed 14th October 2013.

Relationship between Politics and Religion

Between the fourth and 11th centuries, the relationship between politics and godliness included theology be utilise for phalanx aid, apostolical primacy, rulers enforcing religious orthodoxy, and holiness organism used for legltlmlaatlon. One of the relationships between religion and politics was grandiloquent primacy (church might everyplace ruler power) as seen in documents 3, 4, and 5, In the fifth century, pontiff Gelasius told the roman print emperor it was primal to deter to papal authority.He wrote this in a demanding and compulsory way in order to maintain power all everywhere temporal rulers Gelaslus Is letter Illustrates the Idea of papal primacy where he tated, Piously bow your neck to those who read charge of divine affairs (doc. 3). Since the pontiff argued that rulers should bow to the clergy, this Indicates the power ot the pope over secular rulers. Similarly, Pope Gregory sevener asserted his power over princes and their subjects. Since the Dictat us Papae was a letter. which was candid. It probably portrays the popes messS accurately.In the letter the pope claimed he had the power to forgive people from their rulers authority, which suggests the pope was superior to rulers In terms of their power (doc. 4), Gregory VII also railed dgdlnst Idy nvestiture ( powerfulnesss appointing bishops). As a pope, he would of course see matters of trust as most Important because he was well of the Church. HIS decree exemplifies papal primacy because he proclaimed, No clergyman shall receive Investiture from the hand of the emperor, or the king (doc. ). By reserving the power to appoint bishops, the pope had more power than emperors and other(prenominal) document that might further this analysis of papal primacy would be a comparison of the land holdings of kings versus the papacy. This might indicate whether or not riches contributed to the papacys sense ot superlorlty wer secular rulers. Another relationship between politics and rel igion was the use of religion for forces support as shown In documents 2 and 8.In the late sixth century, Gregory wrote in the account of the conversion of king Clovis deliverance about the history of his legionss victory between the fight of the Franks and the Alemannl. In the document, It is mentioned that Clovis choler tor deliverer Christ earned his victory with the fight between his army and the Alemanni and the address of this, suggests that Gregory as the 81shop of Tours was for the divinity of this particular confidence. Clovis proclaimed, Jesus Christ o is said to give aid to those in distress and victory to those who take to In you (doc. 2). This gives off the Impression that religion was much valued when it came to benignant a tight between armies. Charlemagne wrote to pope Leo Ill indicating that religion provided for the support of the military. As the king of the Franks, he Is commit to have the faith concerning of Jesus Christ whom he Is to glorify and having the authority as the head of the church, the belief of Christ Influenced his thoughts on the mllltdry did.The king addressed, Cod willing and granting, the Christian people will torever achieve victory over the enemies ot His ame, which indicates his favor towards the illusion for military support from his Lord In relation to religion being Invoked for military aid, another document that might further this analysis would be a reference from the annals which might show an Lnblased point of view of religions towards the act of military.Relationship between Politics and Religion BY asdf0801 religious orthodoxy, and religion being used for legitimization. power over ruler power) as seen in documents 3, 4, and 5. In the fifth century, Pope Gelasius I told the Roman emperor it was most-valuable to defer to papal authority. He secular rulers. Gelasius Is letter illustrates the idea of papal primacy where he Since the pope argued that rulers should bow to the clergy, this indicates the po wer of the pope over secular rulers.Similarly, Pope Gregory VII asserted his power over princes and their subjects. Since the Dictatus Papae was a letter, which was candid, it probably portrays the popes views accurately. In the letter the pope claimed he had superior to rulers in terms of their power (doc. 4). Gregory VII also railed against lay faith as most important because he was head of the Church. His decree exemplifies apal primacy because he proclaimed, No clergyman shall receive investment funds bishops, the pope had more power than emperors and kings.Another document that contributed to the papacys sense of superiority over secular rulers. military support as shown in documents 2 and 8. In the late sixth century, Gregory armys victory between the fght of the Franks and the Alemanni. In the document, it is mentioned that Clovis passion for Jesus Christ earned his victory with the fght as the Bishop of Tours was for the divinity of this particular faith. Clovis proclaimed, hope in you (doc. 2). This gives off the impression that religion was much valued when it came to lovable a fght between armies.Charlemagne wrote to pope Leo Ill Franks, he is dedicated to have the faith concerning of Jesus Christ whom he is to influenced his thoughts on the military aid. The king addressed, God willing and granting, the Christian people will ceaselessly achieve victory over the enemies of His name, which indicates his favor towards the invocation for military support from his Lord. In relation to religion being invoked for military aid, another document that an unbiased point of view of religions towards the act of military.

Death Penalty Essay

Roy B wranglen is a materialistic who believes in individual rights and the right to life. He believes there is no deeper rapine of a citizens right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness than the brass killing them when theyre actually innocent. With the mathematical function of the stopping point penalty, mistakes are highly inescapable ( cook 1).More than one hundred and forty death row inmates had been set free later evidence was revealed proving they were wrongfully condemned and this often happened decades after they were sentenced to die. Sometimes the mistake was not caught and a few innocents have been instal to death. Brown states that the death penalty is also somewhat bad for the victims families. The families are brought along to this drawn out legal puzzle out and appear in many court sessions reliving the tragedy as it is impossible to make not bad(p) punishment quick (Brown 1).Another prohibit about the death penalty is its cost. Legal expenses alon e make each death penalty case much more expensive than a case where a criminal is sentenced to life without the likelihood of parole (Brown 2). Brown values human life and believes that everyone should die a natural death. The equal principles that motivate him to oppose abortion also motivate him to oppose the death penalty. All life is valuable and the only way that the citizens can be sure an innocent person is never executed is by ending the death penalty completely (Brown 2).Roy Brown has a type of solidus with his opposition of the death penalty. He is a Catholic so his unearthly takes get in the way of his perspective on the use of capital punishment. Catholics believe that the fundamental respect for human life includes even those blameable of crimes. So Brown, as a Catholic, grew up disliking the death penalty as he has been taught in his religion to love human life. So his view with Catholicism might blur out how he truly views the use of the death penalty without re ligion involved.Brown, Roy. Why Conservatives Should Oppose the Death Penalty. The workaday Caller. The Daily Caller, 16 Apr. 2013. Web. 26 Sept. 2013.

Is the statutory ban against idling motor vehicle engines is helpful in improving the air quality of Hong Kong? Essay

Although the statutory toss against idling motor vehicle engines is stand byful in upward(a) the air quality of Hong Kong, there atomic number 18 some exemptions which croup non be avoided. For fashion model traffic jams occur and all the vehicles leave remain stationary simply drive their engines on. This situation whoremonger non apply to the ban beca ingestion the drivers are forced to unjustifiable their cars and they are not willing to do that, so they are not considered to violate the law. Another exemption is that some vehicles need to keep their engines on in order to prevent the deterioration of their goods, much(prenominal) as vehicles which their owners cheat on their ice-cream and the engines are needed to turn on in order to will the refrigerative function.Therefore, can we say that the ban is effective? In our group, we all harmonise that it is ineffective in lowering the API of Hong Kong because there are many exemptions in the ban and a lot of drivers can escape from the law. Further more(prenominal), the sources of air pollutants are not only from the vehicles, but also from the operations of factories and power stations, so only establishing law to prevent the drivers from idling the motor vehicle engines is not enough to protect our living environment. We need to generate other achievable solutions to help meliorating the problem.In order to reduce the air pollutants emitted by the vehicles, we kindle installing a 3-way catalytic converter, which can oxidize hundred monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + O2 2CO2, unburnt hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water CxH2x+2 + (3x+1)/2 O2 xCO2 + (x+1) H2O and reduce northward oxides to nitrogen and oxygen 2NOx ?N2 ? xO2. Nevertheless, the catalytic converter cannot be used on leaded petrol vehicles because Lead will poison the catalyst such as Platinum inside the converter.Indeed, there are more practicable solutions to solve the problem. Expanding the rail network or using public transports preferably of private cars can also improve the air quality because the standard of cars used can be reduced and the emission of pollutants from cars can also be diminished. The usage of environment-friendly cars are also effective due to the use of electricity instead of hydrocarbons to provide fuels for motion, but these types of cars have a higher(prenominal) cost and inconvenient for charging the batteries frequently.Moreover, planting trees not only can help absorbing the excess carbon dioxide emitted from power stations or vehicles, this method acting can also help regulating the temperature because carbon dioxide is a glasshouse gas which can cause global warming. To conclude, all people should have the responsibilities to take part in improving the air quality. The statutory ban is not sufficient to improve the air quality, so other methods which have mentioned before should be introduced. If people in Hong Kong can have more concern about our poor living envi ronment, we are sure that they will contribute for improving it throughout their daily lives. We hope that people can pay more attention to this situation and thus Hong Kongs API can be lowered

‘Manifesto of the Communist Party’ by Karl Marx

Karl Marx developed theoretical concepts of parliamentary law and its developing explaining the workings of market economies and fork dealing. One of his main works, Manifesto of the commie Party, vividly describes the main concepts and strategic vision of Communism, kindlyism and manakin clamber. Karl Marx was concerned with how income was sh ared among the three great cordial severalizees workers and uppercaseists.A major concern of ordinal-century social thinking was to identify the nature of industrialization and to singularity its social and policy-making effects. Social and economic environment led to victimisation of Manifesto of the communistic Party. The era of Marx and the following decades were the era of Liberalism. During the old age 1830 to 1930 the knowledge domain was fast becoming an industrial clubhouse, yet its laws were found on an ideal of an agrarian society. During the support half of nineteenth century the public changed economically an d socially.The book Manifesto of the Communist Party consists of four sections cautious and Proletarians, Proletarians and Communists, Socialist and Communist Literature, the Opposition parties. Each section identifies and analyzes the main concepts of current industrial and social dealing and gives historic examples of these events. In this book, Marx creates the economic, social and political theory and practice, develops capitalism theory explaining the role of a level in society. What is emphasized is the market as a system of exchanges rather than as an arena of competition the persistent association of political particies and the pacification of economic relations relies on this emphasis.In the section Bourgeois and Proletarians, Marx introduces saucy materialist method in contrast to idealistic cardinal. He examines the role of labor and labor relations, explains the struggle over the division of output and wage system. According to Marx capitalism is class struggle. In creasing polarization of the population divides it into two great classes, the bourgeoisie (capitalist) and the proletariat (workers). Marx states that The bourgeoisie, by the rapid improvement of all instruments of production, by the immensely facilitated nub of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilization (Marx n.d.).In this situation, classes not notwithstanding are the associate between levels rather tight they are unidirectional, the causal stop deprivation from economic social organisation through consciousness to action. Marx portrays that over sequence the two great classes directly facing separately separate delimitate by how they stand to the relations of production, gradually consolidate under capitalism, absorbing other classes within them, developing class consciousness and industrial and political organizations, and in due course fight out a revolutionary involution (Marx, n.d.).Marx explains the role of the means of producti on and exchange of goods in market economy. Marx states The plenteous forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to shape up the development of the conditions of bourgeois property (Marx n.d.). The class struggle is explained as emulation mingled with working class and the class of capitalists.Also, it is struggle of lower socioeconomic classes with higher socioeconomic classes. condition the irreconcilable employment of interests among capital and labor, the outstanding tout of capitalist society is struggle based on historical development and new production manners. Also, Marx describes the relations and interconnection amid capital and labor wages, the nature of competition and a revolutionary class.The second section of the book describes relationships between communistics and the working class. Marx gives an overview of a communist society free from oppression, antagonism and exploitation. According to Marx, an ideal society should be classless. Marx states fab ianism undresss no man of the power to appropriate the products of the society all that it does is to deprive him of the power to subjugate the labor of others by means of such appropriations (Marx n.d.).He criticizes land ownership and supports the state ownership. The main points of his program for the classless society are abolition of property in land progressive or graduated income tax confiscation of emigrants property, importance of the centralized state bank, centralization of communication and transport, all should be equally obliged to work, leveling the differences between the town and country, free education for children (Marx, n.d.).Marx underlines that the differences between classes should be diminished in order to reach classless community. Moreover, and in consequence, there is no overall story of a development through time from class structure through class consciousness to class action, nor any implicit in(p) theory of class interests that could explain such a development the historical possibilities are far more open and indeterminate. When, in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation (Marx n.d.).The focus at each class is also much broader at the structural level, it encompasses not only productive relations but also the sphere of circulation and market positions and at the levels of consciousness and action, and the spheres of consumption and distribution as well as work and politics. Marx states that political power should be used as the organized power which protects one class for oppressing another (Marx n.d.).Also, Marx defines classes by their modes of collective action and shows how rights to productive resources, credentials, caller membership, lineage, etc., can all be distinct bases for social closure in the struggle. Marx identifies the way of the transition from socialism to communism and advantages of th e classless society.In the third gear section, Socialist and Communist Literature, Marx describes the differences between socialist and communist literature. He criticizes socialist trends and approaches such as Feudal socialist economy, Petty-Bourgeois Socialism, Critical-Utopian Socialism, etc. This section is based on historical examples and analysis of social development and driven forces of class development.For instance, he explains the emergence of petty bourgeoisie as a new class fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie (Marx, n.d.). But their in the main determinist attitude led them into a certain political passivity. most(prenominal) of them anticipated socialist consciousness originating outside the working class.Marx underlines that German socialism is based on the struggle against feudal aristocracy (Marx, n.d.). A major concern of this thinking is to identify the nature of these relations and to trace their social and political effects. Speaking about Conser vative or Bourgeois Socialism Marx states The bourgeoisie naturally conceives the world in which it is supreme to be the lift out (Marz, n.d.). They distinguish society by its characteristic modes of production and economic life.However, what is ruling to distinguish the society is not solely a new mode of production, but a new social imperative the changing dispersal of economic and social resources. Marx criticizes Critical-Utopian Socialism stating that such philosophers and economists as Fourier, Saint-Simon and Owen make a mistake taking into account only the early undeveloped end.This historical and social vision limits their understanding of the historical process and forces them to have themselves far superior to all class antagonisms (Marx, n.d.). These theories can be opinion of as ranged along a continuum whose poles can be neatly seen as occupied by the classical positions respectively. Not only are the links between levels rather tight they are unidirectional, th e causal flow going from economic structure through consciousness to action.The fourth section gives overview of communist struggle and its impact on workers consciousness. Marx gives examples of four countries France, Switzerland, Poland and Germany as the main countries where communism flourishes. The visible change in the attitudes to parties constitutes progress towards democracy and classless society. In short, the Communists everywhere support every revolutionary movement against the existing social and political order of things (Marx, n.d.).Accordingly, Communism presupposes the continued political significance of combine patterns of thought whose outlines follow the historical doctrines of different parties. To understand Communism and its relations with working class it is necessary to take account of the institutions and parties involved, their ideologies and motives it is necessary to lead not only the legal dimensions but also the behavioral dimensions of classes. Marx restates permit the ruling classes tremble at a Communistic revolution (Marx, n.d.).In sum, the book documents in detail how the economic position of classes have been developed. Given the irreconcilable conflict of interests between capital and labor, Marx vividly portrays that the outstanding feature of capitalist society is class conflict. One of the sharpest contradictions of capitalism was precisely that between the social character of production and the individualist basis of ownership. Marx underlines that social conflict was a feature of the transition between older and newer social orders, world perception and values, and materialistic understanding of the world. Communism was professed by the major tendencies which emerged during the nineteenth century, and the most common classification schemes for ideologies build upon this historical material.References 1. Manifesto of the Communist Party (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist- manifesto/index.htm accessed 1 Dec 2006

Business Ethics-Written Assignment for Module 2 Essay

1. Shaw and Barry distinguish cardinal polar forms of utilitarianism. What be these two forms. Briefly come upon each and use mannikins. Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism are the two different forms of utilitarianism that Shaw and Barry distinguish. Utilitarianism refers to the greatest happiness precept for the closely unions of people. Act utilitarianism put forwards that we must film ourselves what the consequences of a particular personation in a particular website will be for all those affected. If its consequences bring more than net skillful than those of any alternative menstruate of action, consequently this action is the amend sensation and the bingle we should perform (Shaw and Barry, pg.60).I ensure at this as to wet when choosing between two alternative acts in a situation then the right act is the one that brings the best result or the most happiness, rudimentaryally the consequences of a single act. Rule utilitarianism importanttains th at the utilitarian standard should be applied not to individual actions unless to moral codes as a whole. The principles that make up that code would then be the basis for distinguishing right actions from wrong actions (Shaw and Barry, pg.77). I look at this to me at measuring the consequences of the act repeated over and over again as if it was a notice whenever there are similar situations. 2. What do economists mean by the declining bare(a) utility of money?Declining marginal utility of money stated by Shaw and Barry as simply means that successive additions to ones income produce, on average, less happiness or welfare that did earlier additions (Shaw and Barry, pg.112). I look at this as with both additional dollar or good, the tax and happiness declines, the additional dollar or good loses its sign tint or worth compared to the previous additions. A good example would be someone would really enjoy a piece of chocolate cake, and if fall rid ofered a second piece they may agree that they would still enjoy it, save not as much as the outgrowth piece, and finally abandoned a third piece of chocolate cake, they would be so encompassing from the first two pieces then they wouldnt be as smart since eating the first piece of chocolate cake.So for every particular(a) piece of chocolate cake there would be less happiness from the previous piece. 3. Robert Nozick presents his entitlement speculation as a function of three staple fibre principles. What are these three basic principles? Nozicks entitlement theory is a theory of jurist and how society regulates the distribution of goods, money and stead. All that matters for Noziak is how people came to stupefy what they have, not the pattern or results of the distribution of goods. (Shaw and Barry, pg.115) His entitlement theory comprises of three main principles which were1. A principle of justice in acquisition This principle deals with the initial acquisition of holdings. It is an account of h ow people first come to own joint office, what types of things can be held, and so forth. 2. A principle of justice in depute This principle explains how one person can acquire holdings from another, including unpaid worker exchange and gifts. 3. A principle of rectification of injustice how to deal with holdings that are unjustly acquired or transferred, whether and how much victims can be compensated, how to deal with dour past transgressions or injustices done by a government, and so on. What is principle of justice in acquisition?Our book gives us an analogy concerning basketball sportsmaner, wilt Chamberlain that was used by Nozick. The idea behind this is that Wilt Chamberlain was a very talent basketball player and people were willing to return a plastered bill of money to opine him play. In Wilt Chamberlains refer it stated that he would get X amount for each ticket purchased, due to his talent of playing basketball. Over the course of the year he is entitled to a allot of the tickets change. Wilt Chamberlain take very wealthy as a result of the amount of tickets sold and his contact with the team he played for since his contact stated he get X amount for each ticket purchased.He has every right to become wealthy and acquire money as a result of the free choice of people voluntarily purchasing the basketball tickets to see him play. This is an example of how the money exchanged was rightful(prenominal)ly acquired. What is principle of justice in transfer? A good example of justice of transfer would be if a property owner justly owns twenty acres of property and he freely sells ten acres to his neighbor for a precise amount of money. This would be justice of transfer since the landlord is willing to sell the property and his neighbor is willing to purchase and they both agree on the terms. The landowner would directly have ten less acres of property but he would be X amount wealthier and his neighbor will now have ten additional acr es and X amount less. two parties agreed on the terms and neither leave worse off than prior to the transaction.What is principle of rectification of injustice? Basically how to restore something to its rightful owner, in case of injustice in either acquisition or transfer. A good example we could use is back giving an example of a football quarterback. The quarterback contact stated that he would get X amount for each ticket purchased. What happens if he is injured at the beginning of the season and doesnt play any games except for the first three games? Is he still entitlement to the X amount per ticket or just a portion of the total?The contact doesnt state anything about if he was injured and didnt play. So should the quarterback be entitlement to the extra money. It may life injustice since he didnt play the majority of the games, but since his contact stated that he gets X amount per ticket then he is entitlement to the entire amount. The team doesnt feel that he should get the entire amount. The team only gives him a portion of the money.The quarterback has the right to rectify and claim the entire amount since his contact doesnt have a specific clause regarding being injured. He would have legal action to go after the team to even off him the entire amount. 4. Two main features of John Rawlss theory of diffusing(prenominal) justice are particularly important. What are these two features? Describe them. Rawls theory of distributive justice have two main features that are described in the text edition (Shaw and Barry, pg.122) 1. Each person is to have an touch right to the most extensive total system of able basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. I see this feature as saying each individual should have the equal rights or opportunities, basically not to restrict or deny the freedom of each person involved.2. Social and economic inequalities are to satisfy two conditions. First, they are to be attached to positions an d offices open to all under conditions of jolly equality of opportunity and second, they are to be to the greatest expected realize of the least advantaged members of society. I see this feature as saying that there is social and economic inequalities and they may not be wrong or bad. These inequalities shouldnt benefit the least well off. It doesnt matter where a person was born into the social ladder. 5. What is the MAXIMIN rule for making decisions?According to our textbook the MAXIMIN rule states you should select the alternative under which the worst that could happen to you is fail thanthe worst that could happen to you under any other alternative-that is, you should try to increase the minimum that you will receive. (Shaw and Barry, pg.122). Basically it is stating that the rule is if there are more than one choice, the best decision rule is to consider the one with the least worst consequence for the best possible choice. 6. What is the role of the blur of ignorance in Rawls theory of distributive justice? According to our textbook the role of the veil of ignorance in Rawls theory eliminates bias and makes the original position a fair commission of choosing principles.(Shaw and Barry, pg.121). I see at the method for find out the morality of an issue no matter what social role one may play, it is only how one truly considers the morality of a certain position. 7. According to Shaw and Barry, deciding what sort of economic arrangements would best promote sympathetic happiness requires the utilitarian to consider many things. What are the five considerations mentioned by Shaw and Barry? The five considerations mentioned in our textbook (Shaw and Barry, pg.111) 1. The type of economic ownership (private, public, mixed).2. The way of organizing production and distribution in general (pure laissez faire, markets with government planning and regulation, fully centralized planning). 3. The type of authority arrangements within the units of production (worker control versus managerial prerogative. 4. The range and character of material incentives.5. The nature and extent of social certificate and welfare provisions.

Mcdonald’s Healthier Happy Meals Essay

In order to successfully make these changes McDonalds hired a look for group to accept an extensive research and present them with a cost effective solution. The enquiry Questions The questions the gild had to look into to resolve this issue was * How thunder mug they make the repasts for the children healthy while maintaining the comfort station that truehearted nutrition is known for? * How can they deletion the calories from their existing meals? * How can they make healthy food desirable to children? * How can they keep these fitter options cost effective? * What would be the best merchandising scheme to launch these healthier changes?The Hypothesis A hypothesis explores a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limit evidence as a starting point for further investigating (Merriam-Webster, 2013). In the exploration to raise a question and find an answer, the company has to face the question how can they make the meals for the children healthier while maintaining the convenience that fast food is known for? Through the years McDonalds has added a couple new features to their menu like a wider selection in desserts, a value menu, and select new refreshing healthier choices to their fast food chain.But the question now is, how can they further jazz the calories from these meals? Yes, McDonalds has gained a fine respect in the fast food industry for upgrading to healthier choices, but now the kids menu may imply some revamping on their own. If the regular menu can provide healthier choice selections like salads, less than 400 calories, and weight watcher approve items, what can they do about happy meals? A solution to providing a healthier selection is to offer a more beneficial meal that kids can enjoy.Apple bags, celery sticks, carrots, reduced milk, baked instead of deep-fried items and healthier meat. Those ar just a couple of suggestions to an issue that is at large(p) to solve. The main purpose is to change the world one step at a time, and healthier living for is the new road to take. The Variables Local societies ar becoming more health conscience and looking for healthier options when tone ending out to eat. Even though McDonalds did not follow the customary approach by luring people in through the use of noted celebrities, people felt that offering toys with their cheerful Meals were unacceptable.The variables in a research scenario are considered to be unconditional (IV) and dependent variables (DV). In this research scenario the independent variables are the food and the marketing strategy, while the amount of calories and interest of the children are the dependent variables. Many children were attracted to McDonalds Happy Meals for the toy they got with it and this is what their marketing strategy revolved around. In April 2012, The Times released the article Why were eating fewer happy meals.The articles main heighten was McDonalds use of toys with their Happy Meals and the use of a c lown who is hell-bent on the creepy mission of luring children into McDonalds, where theyll be fattened up and gear up for a lifetime of regular fast-food dining visits (Tuttle, 2012, p. 1). Along with improving their Happy Meals, McDonalds has also changed their marketing strategy. They still offer the toys but it is no longer their main focal point. Instead they now show Ronald McDonald play around, participating in healthy activities and proclaiming that a healthier life path is a lot of fun.

Env 100 Environmental Pollutants Sewage and Fossil Fuels

Environmental Pollutants Sewage and fossil Fuels ENV/ nose candy contact 2013 Environmental Pollutants Sewage and Fossil Fuels Environmental pollutants, according to the Blacksmith Institute (2013) negatively affect billions of the worlds population as a sequel of exposure to poisons associated with sewage and the fossil provide inunct colour rock gross(a) vegetable crude oil colour. These poisons have lead to long-term detrimental centers on ecosystems and has attributed to the premature deaths of 40% or 2. 8 billion of the worlds population of which lead billion children under the age of five die prematurely because of exposure these contaminants.Researchers visualize that this number will grow to approximately 3. 6 billion by 2050 if these invasive toxins continue to remain prevalent in the worlds purlieu (Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2012). In this paper, Team D will talk over the effects that sewage and crude oil have on the propert y of glow, soil, and urine, environmental biological diversity, giving medication methods, and alternative solutions toward the use of crude oil (University of Phoenix, 2013, Week Five Syllabus).Sewage As defined by Oilgae (2013) sewage refers to sewer water that commonly derives from liquid or solid human activities that contaminate the soils air, soil, and water. These contaminates contain infectious organisms, referred to pathogens that cause diseases, much(prenominal) as bacteria dysentery and cholera, viral diseases of hepatitis and polio, and protozoal disease of amoebic dysentery and giardiasis (Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality, 2002).Additionally, as stated by Nakate (2013) these toxins alter biological diversity through eutrophication, which degrades water quality, ultimately alters aquatic species, hinders native plants, and increases biological oxygen demand (BOD). As the rise in levels of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous as puff up as natural abs quatulates in water pathways initiates extreme growth of bacteria and algae that proves lethal to living organisms as well as disrupts the function and structure of the inherent ecosystems.These pollutants generally fall under four specific categories commercial, industrial, sanitary, and surface overflow and telling management of their sewage countervail byproducts (Oilgae, 2013). Commercial According to Oilgae (2013), this stratum contains liquid and solid shave materials associated with offices, restaurants, and service organizations in which sewage waste, much(prenominal) as cleaning chemicals or garbage placed in blustering air dumpsters seep into the surface soil and water, or sling into the air through decomposition.Industrial This sewage originates from discarded water employed during the chemical and manufacturing touch on, such as mining (Oilgae, 2013). Mining produces high-levels arsenic, cyanide, and sulfuric acid sewer water or tailing, which miners dump in to surface water pathways or pile show that contaminates ground water, soil, and air through emissions of the deadly dust p words and through rainwater (Blacksmith Institute, 2012). SanitaryShandilya (2013) defines this category as domestic waste initiated from institutional and residential activities that disseminate wastewater associated detergents, soaps, and human bodily wastes that drain into sewage systems, lakes, or streams, which contaminates beverage water and harms animals and aquatic life. Surface Runoff This category represents as coarse sewage, which includes fertilizers and pesticides that contain rich nutrients, such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorous, which accelerates enrichment leading to eutrophication as the waste travels through rainwater or dumped into water pathways (Shandilya, 2013).Sewage Waste Management The effective management of sewage waste would include abolishing untreated sewage and follow out a pre-treatment process that includes extensi ve filtering of effluents, employing microbes that convert wastes into solids therefore, easily separated, and disinfecting partially virtuous effluents through chemical precipitation (Hollis, 2013). The pre-treatment process of chemical precipitation involves adding chemicals to the waste to create particles that retire toxins through decantation therefore, properly transferring, disposing, and reusing the cleansed water (Edwards, 1994).This treatment process can prove beneficial to other wastes producers like that of fossil discharge crude oil. Fossil Fuel Crude Oil Crude oil, as illustrated by Kaiser (2009) represents the worlds primary industrial pushing cite with estimates showing 30 to 40% of the world uses this fossil fuel for pushing consumption, and indentified as black gold. This oil, a hydrocarbon, and derived from organic material from lakes and oceans that contain blackmail and heat.Oil, generally falls into two categories conventional, which proves less expensiv e, easy, and fast, or non-conventional that has an established disposition s expensive, slow, and difficult whereas, crude oil has a classification of light, medium, or heavy, depending on the American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity. Crude oil, receives is name because it has lots of different hydrocarbon compounds in which oil refineries work on accomplishing refinery of crude oil in three steps. 1. Breaking down thousands of compounds in spite of appearance the crude oil to chemical units. . Remove contaminants, entirely. 3. Transform the individual chemical units. As the oil live ons refined and separated into various fuels, this conversion leads to creation of numerous products, such as hired gunoline and other petroleum products that transports through 23,000 miles of pipeline within the United States. This conversion and transportation of fossil fuel byproducts has proven bad to the environment as well as the disposal of these fossil fuel oils in which society must se ek alternative energy resources. Fossil Fuel and the EnvironmentFossil fuels, according to kibibyte Energy Choice (2013) have become champion of the worlds greatest greenhouse gas emitters that total three-fourths of the entire worlds carbon, methane, and other gas emissions. The toil of electricity involves burning fossil fuels at an extremely high temperature, which results in high concentrations of pollution in the water and air. For example, the atmosphere naturally absorbs one ton of greenhouse gases however, the atmosphere traps approximately 25% extra of the sunlights radiation because of the annual rise in greenhouse gas secretions.As 98% of the United States energy creation coming from the non-renewable fossil sources, the disposal of oil proves vital toward protecting the environment. Disposal of Oil As communicated by Septer (2013), recycling waste or used oil proves valuable to the environment, and the saving as inadequate disposal of waste oil damages water, land , and air resources. Recycling oil assists in the preservation of natural resources and conserves energy production. The most important motive for recycling oil surrounds the preservation of resources associated with crude oil.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) stated that 2. 5 quarts of high-quality lubricating oil is produced from however one gallon of waste oil conversely, it takes an astonishing 42 gallons of crude oil to manufacture the same 2. 5 quarts of high-quality oil (para. 3). Therefore, recycling oil proves beneficial because it does non pollute water pathways and does not finish in landfills as well as lowering the exist through oil re-refining rather than oil filtering.Therefore, the improper disposal of oil, such as throwing it away(predicate) harms the environments whereas, the energy saved in converting waste oil into fresh oil have has vast benefits, such as cleansing one gallon of waste oil employs less resources than refining 42 gallons of crude oil (para. 6). Alternative Solutions According to Alternative Energy (n. d. ) crude oil represents a limited accessible fossil fuel and analysts believe that by 2050 accessible crude oil in its entirety will become extinct, which has lead scientist to create alternative fuel sources other than fossil and thermo thermonuclear.The world uses nuclear fuel as demonstrated with the more than 300 global nuclear power plants in which France and Japan generate approximately 80% of electric power from these plants. As illustrated by Alternative Energy (n. d. ) two thumb energy resources to replace the use of crude oil include solar and wind energy. Solar energy has proven to become one of the topper power energies for the environment in that the solar power systems can remove more than 110,000 pounds of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases out of atmosphere as well as prevent the requirement to burn 60,000 pounds of coal (para. ). Solar does not produce acid rain, urban smog, or any other pol lutants. soupcon power represents the second alternate energy source and quickly worthy one of the most hopeful new energy sources for electricity and the cost has reduced by 15% with doubling of installed capacity planetary (para. 13). Subsequently, worldwide wind energy capacity has reached approximately 16 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity after 1999 and these energy hours provide enough energy comparable to the surface of five Miami cities. ConclusionAs premature deaths continues to rise with an expectation of reaching more than three billion by 2050 along with the increasing growth in population, the footings natural resources ultimately will become extinct because of the stark and prevalent environmental pollutants of which sewage and crude oil contribute. Team D has illustrated the importance of understanding the initiators of sewage and crude oil pollutants, their cause and effect on the environment as well as proper waste management presented by chemical precipita tion, and alternatives energy sources of solar and wind.However, the decisions made forthwith will significantly influence the days of tomorrow therefore, to protect the environment and the community members within each ecosystem, humanity must strengthen its allegiance toward the reduction of premature deaths and its creators. References Alternative Energy. (n. d. ). Alternative energy. Retrieved from http//www. altenergy. org/ Blacksmith Institute. (2013). The worlds top ten toxic pollution problems 2012 Pollution facts. Retrieved from http//www. worstpolluted. org/pollution-facts-2009. hypertext markup language Edwards, J. D. (1994, December 30).Chemical precipitation Basics. Retrieved from http//cleanh2o. com/ww/chemppt. hypertext markup language Green Energy Choice. (2013). Fossil Fuels How do they negatively affect the environment? Retrieved from http//www. greenenergychoice. com/green-guide/fossil-fuels. html Hollis, T. (2013). How to manage waste water. Retrieved from ht tp//www. ehow. com/how_ 10030919_manage-waste-water. html Kaiser, D. (2009, October 23). Alternative energy replacements for crude oil. Retrieved from http//suite101. com/article/alternative-energy-replacements-for-crude-oil-a161973 Nakate, S. 2013, January 24). Sewage water pollution. Retrieved from http//buzzle. com/ articles/sewage-water-pollution. html Oilgae. (2013). Types of wastewater. Retrieved from http//www. oilgae. com/algae/cult/sew typ/typ. html Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality. (2002, October). Surfacing sewage & its effects on our environment. Retrieved from http//www. deq. state. ok. us/factsheets/land/ srfsewage. pdf Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2012, March 15). OECD environmental wit to 2050 The consequences of inaction.Retrieved from http//www. oecd-ilibrary. org/environment/oecd-environmental-outlook-to- 2050_9789264122246-en Septer, J. D. (2013). Waste oil recycling information. Retrieved from http//www. ehow. com/ round _6596196_waste-oil-recycling-information. html Shandilya, R. (2013, March 5). Facts about water pollution. Retrieved from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/facts-about-water-pollution. html University of Phoenix. (2013). Week Five supplement Course Syllabus. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, ENV/100 Principles of Environmental Science course website.

Charlemagne Robert Folz

Frannzen Linares Thursday, October 14, 2010 Knowledge Summary of Source. Report 1 Charlemagne Robert Folz. The Coronation of Charlemagne( phonograph recording), first scripted in french in 1964, this book is now available in English translation. Robert Folz is well known for his monumental studies of the legend of Charlemagne in the bosom ages. Robert Folz was a French medievalist and a specialist in the Carolignan era for this movement he is better qualified than most historians to convey a kabbalistic understanding of the efforts and signifance of Charlemagne for France and Europe.Folz concentrates on the growth of Frankish power, starting with Clovis and leading to Charlemagne. The pore is on political and religious developpments that explain the imperial enthronization, rather than on social and economic history. Folz presents all this with brevity and clearly the elegance of behavior shows his familarity with the source material. He wrote numerous books all related and si milar to Charlemagne such(prenominal) as * (French) Le souvenir et la legende de Charlemagne dans lEmpire germanique medieval. (1950) * The concept of empire in Western Europe from the fifth to the fourteenth century. 1953, translation published 1969) * The coronation of Charlemagne. 25 December 800. (1964, translation published 1974) * (French) Les saints rois du Moyen years en Occident, (VIe-XIIIe siecles). (1984) * (French) Les saintes reines du Moyen Age en Occident (VIe-XIIIe siecles). (1992) This book also uses extraits and portions of the book Life of Charlemagne(Vita Karoli Magni) which was written by a man named Einhard who actually was a dedicated handmaid of Charlemagne which adds to the reliability of this book.At the same time, he uses extraits from letters written by a man named Alcuin to Charlemagne himself and books written at the time and date back to Charlemagnes reign. Book written by Robert Folz and translated by J. E Anderson, the publisher of this book is ca pital of the United Kingdom Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974 and is a Translation of Le Couronnement imperial de Charlemagne (trente jours qui ont fait la France 25 decembre 800). genus Paris Gallimard, 1964 The company has also published a book with a vitiated portion of the life of charlemagne, The Philosophy of John Scottus Eriugena A Study of idealism in the Middle Ages By Dermot Moran.

Development of intelligence test performance Essay

Intelligence can be defined in several ways, ranging from broader definitions such(prenominal) as the ability to cope with life, to more than specific definitions such as skill in problem-solving and reasoning. Intelligence discharges be implemented by psychologists in order to assess such skills, and a quantitative measure of this watchword is usually presented in the form of an IQ (intelligence quotient). IQ scores argon the basis of much research into the development of intelligence test performance. ane cultural factor which may tolerate an affect on a childs thrifty intelligence is m early(a) love attachments may play a part in childrens cognitive development. This assumption can be tested by nationaling children who have been stray from an attachment object (i.e. a parent), and Skeels & Dye ensnare evidence to send word that the formation of an attachment amends intelligence test performance. In their test, 13 of the approximately mentally retarded infants in an orphanage were moved to an institution for mentally retarded women, where they would form an attachment with a mildly retarded woman. over the next four years, those who had moved had an clean IQ gain of 32 points, compared with an average reduction of 21 IQ points for those who remained in the orphanage this struggle was still evident 27 years later. This study can be commended for its implications at the time the accepted view was that IQ was constant through go forth life, just the study showed that, with the right treatment, IQ can be significantly improved.Another factor in IQ development is quality of tuition. Schweinhart et al.s Perry Preschool Project provides evidence for this compared to children given no pre-school education, those who had been given quality pre-school education appeared not only to have improved IQs later in life, moreover they were also less likely to commit crime and drop out of blue school. This finding is duplicated by Operation Headstart, whi ch provided children from disadvantaged firms with pre-school programs. There was an average IQ gain of 10 points in the first year and, although the IQ scores returned to average levels, subsequent progress such as high school graduation was higher in those who had taken part in the project. This indicates that an increased quality of education may lead to an increase in IQ.Another cultural factor that may ferment the development of measured intelligence is a childs home environment. Bradley et al. Identified vi factors, including parental involvement and the provision of play materials, which were significant in a childs development of intelligence, and called it the HOME inventory. If the HOME score of a child was low, a childs IQ may have declined betwixt 10 and 20 points between the ages 1 and 3, whereas the opposite was neat for those with high HOME inventory scores. This theory would be supported by Piaget and Vygotsky, the theories of twain of whom suggest that the pro vision of age-appropriate play materials are likely to improve cognitive development. In addition, Vygotsky emphasises the role of ending in cognitive development, which is actually much in line with the HOME inventory study.It may however be that diet is a cultural factor which has an influence on a childs development of intelligence. In a study by Schnthaler & Bier, children who had been given vitamin-mineral supplements performed violate on a non-verbal IQ test than those who had been given a placebo. This supports the idea that diet has an influence on intelligence, but it it not needs the case that supplements improve IQ the researchers suggested that it was a scurvy diet that diminished IQ, and the improved diet restored the cognitive abilities of the children who previously had a poor diet.The idea that it is environmental cultural factors, rather than race and inherited cultural factors, that have an effect on a childs intelligence test performance is supported by Sca rr& Weinberg, who found that both white and black children, when adopted by middle-class white families, performed better on IQ tests at age 7 than the average for their several(prenominal) ethnic groups. They attributed this improvement to growing up in a culture of tests and schools, and exposure to better healthcare and socialisation.However, in a follow-up study ten years later, it was found that the black childrens IQs were not notably higher than the average for their group, indicating that an upbringing in a white, middle-class home had little or no influence on their intelligence. However, this does not necessarily indicate that it is a genetic cause, since skin colour and intelligence are believed to have very different genetic structures. It may be in indirect genetic influence, in that black children raised in a white home have lower self-expectation, or that they socialise with other black children at school (which may have more of an influence than their white, middle- class home).IQ tests have, however, been heavily criticised for lacking reliability, as an IQ topic from one test can vary dramatically with an IQ answer from another. Additionally, they have been criticised for being culturally biased there are umpteen different types of thought (e.g. language, problem-solving, pattern recognition, reasoning), and some types of thought are more valued in some cultures than in others.This may extend to sub-cultural differences between people of different socioeconomic status. For example, it has often been found that black American children perform less well on IQ tests than white children, however, Serpell (1979) found that white children performed significantly less well than black children on an IQ test aimed at black Americans. This brings into question the use of IQ tests as a valid method of measuring intelligence.

Cultural Universals Between United States and China

fit in to the Merriam Webster dictionary, the definition of culture is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Every country has its specific culture and on that point ar some obvious cultural universals between China and America. hotshot example of such cultural universal is the directness of American versus the unimportance of the Chinese people. An another(prenominal) example would be the self independence of the teen Americans versus the young Chinese who tend to depend on their p arnts.What I would want to cover be the holidays observed by United States and China, roles played in the family by conserve and wife, p atomic number 18nting styles and conflict manage ment. Holidays observed There are both similar holidays that are observe in both United States and China, pertly Years Day and Chinese stark naked Years Day. In both countries, newborn Years Day is celebrated for the passing of the old year and the s tart of the New Year. Chinese New Year which is alike called Spring Festival starts with the New slug on the first day of the New Year and ends on the Full Moon 15 days later.It is celebrated in honor of Heaven and Earth, the gods of the household, and the family ancestors as a family affair, a time of reunion and thanksgiving. During the Chinese New Year, Chinese people decorate the house with red couplets on the doors and they visit each other during this holiday. They will feast on traditional foods like New Year cake and dumplings. New Years Day in United States is celebrated on January 1st. It is celebrated with a resolution to run low rid of bad habits and start a new ane when the measure strikes 12am. Roles between keep up and wifeIn United States, family is in a more thermonuclear and immediate interaction while family in China is larger callable to its culture. The Chinese family involves uncles, aunts and other relatives. Most of the American household consist of t he father, female parent and the children in the single household, while the Chinese household is usually larger and would consist of multiple generations under one roof. In the Chinese family, the roles of men and women are usually pretty much defined by the husband generating income for the family while the wife is responsible for running the household and taking vexation of the children.The father usually holds the dominant role and decision maker. According to quintessential website, it mentioned that the institution of family is the pinnacle of society. It also mentioned that the traditional Chinese family has a graded order with the man as the head of the family. The father of the house is also responsible for housing and educating his children up until the time of their marriage. The American families advocate equality. The husband and the wife usually have an equality voice in decision-making, and on certain matters, family members are regarded as friend and they should treated equality in daily life.Parenting Style Yale law professor Amy Chua wrote a book named scrap Hymn of the tiger Mother and it talks ab bulge parenting styles between the Chinese verses the Western styles. She said that parents who set high standards tend to have kids who are more successful at school. Its also clear that Chinese parents tend to spend more time pushing their kids to study, practice, and achieve. Her book created a huge controversial piece for the Wall Street ledger on Why Chinese mothers are Superior . This article is nigh the reaction of Amy Chua to all the book readers that she believed in additionk her parenting methods too serious.It explains how many Americans were shocked when they found out what she had done to her youngest daughter when it came to reciting her piano piece. It also touched on how Chua called her firstborn daughter garbage at the dinner party they attended. She is explaining that she was just procreation her children the same way her and her siblings were raised by her parents. She tells that her and her husband had many arguments and discussions on how to raise their children, and that he was not always against her.The Wall Street Journal article later conclude that Western parents try to respect their childrens individuality, encourage them to pursue their true passions, supporting their choices, and providing positive reinforcement and a nurturing environment. By contrast, the Chinese believe that the best way to protect their children is by preparing them for the future, let them see what theyre capable of, and arming them with skills, work habits and inner confidence that no one can ever take away. Conflict Management Chinese are more obliging and avoiding than Americans in managing conflicts.In managing conflict the Chinese are more concerned with maintaining interpersonal relationships. Just like any other situation, the rules for the polite way to handle problems are specific to a grumpy culture. An o ld Chinese saying goes that Do not talk too deep when you are not close enough with the other, when one feels that their relationship with the other is not strong enough for conflict, he or she has should better express an opinion through someone else. If they disagree about something, they may have a direct communication for the sake of desire a solution which is acceptable to both parties.In such a situation, Chinese always say that we are all brothers, it is needless to argue. In the process of negotiation, they may take various ways and ask others to pass away me a face. Quarrel makes both sides ugly while agreements alter both to have their own shares. In order to keep their sympathetic relationship, they tend to concede and give face to each other. Therefore, both of them are able to walk away and compromise with other party. References * Chinese shade Family Life. Country facts. Kwintessential. co. uk. Retrieved January 30th, 2013. ttp//www. kwintessential. co. uk/artic les/china/chinese-culture-family-life/article/China/Chinese-Culture-Family-Life/1781 * Why Chinese Mothers are Superior The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 20 2013. http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052748704111504576059713528698754. html Tiger Mom Amy Chua Parenting Memoir Raises American Fears TIME. Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews TIME. com. Web. February 10 2013. http//www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2043477,00. html

The Characteristics and Formation of Meanders

Meanders are sinuous flex in a rivers middle and lower courses. In low melt conditions, alternating pools and riffles are make along the river bed. The river channel is deeper in pools so it has greater energy and more erosive power. Energy is lost as the river leans over a riffle because of friction. These cause the rivers flow to become nettlesome and maximum flow to be concentrated on one expression of the river, causing lateral erosion on one side, creating an outer pouchlike bank.Deposition takes place on the other side of the bend, creating a convex bank. The crosswise of a meander is asymmetrical. The outer bank forms a river cliff or a bluff with a deep pool close to the bank, mainly because of the fast flow, hydraulic action and abrasion. The inner bank is a mildly sloping deposit of sand and gravel, called a point bar. Meanders are keep by a surface flow of water across to the biconcave outer bank with a balancing subsurface return flow back to the convex inner b ank.This corkscrew-like movement of water is called helicoidal flow. In this way, gnaw at material from the outer bank is transported away and deposited on the inner bank. The gang of erosion and deposition exaggerates the bends until large meanders are formed. Sometimes, oxbow lakes are formed when the neck of the loop of a meander is broken through, and the new blow eventually becomes the main channel, leaving the formed channel sealed arrive at by deposition.

FOSS Research Assignment Essay

FOSS (Free and Open start Soft strugglee) had some trouble in 2006 when Microsoft submitted 235 patents that were allegedly violated by FOSS. Microsoft created these patents in order to amass royalties from companies in the free world (companies/people victimisation free softwargon). Eben Moglen of the Free Software behind contended that software is a numeral algorithm and is not patentable. Moglen wrote, Its a tinderbox. As the commercial opponent between free software and software-thats-a-product becomes more than fierce, patent faithfulnesss going to be the terrain on which a big piece of the wars going to be fought. FOSS has powerful corporate patrons and allies. So if Microsoft always tried to sue Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN faculty sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows.In the mid-seventies and 1980s, software companies relied mainly on trade secrets doctrine and feignright law to protect their products. scarce everything changed in the 1990s. The copyright law was providing less trade protection to software than companies hoped for and the trade secrets doctrine was becoming unworkable because the secret itself (the ancestor code) had to be revealed to an unlimited number of other people/companies. With the internet, Microsoft applied for 1,411 patents in 2002. By 2004 they submitted 3,780 patents. After that Microsoft had three choices. First they could do nothing and give the patents to the development community. Second they could start suing other companies that were using their patents. Or third, they could demoralize licensing its patents to other companies for either royalties or access to their patents, which would be a cross-licensing deal. So they took the third option.Microsoft later made a deal with Novell. They agreed not to sue each others customers for patent infringement, which is okay because its something that Richard Stallmans GPL doesnt address. No vell then agreed to give MS a percentage of all its Linux revenue through 2011. Microsoft decided it would pay Novell $240 billion for coupons that could sell to customers, who would then trade in the coupons for subscriptions to Novells Linux server software. They also paid a balancing payment for the patent part of the deal.So now all of the FOSS developers are in fear because the big boys aka MS could purchase their version of Linux through a vendor such as Novell while getting protection from lawsuits and letting the little guys to fend for themselves. merely without the little guy developers, the future of high-quality FOSS is undetermined. So the Free Software Foundation drafted a new version of the GPL that would prevent anyone else from using the original copys loophole that MS exploited.But Moglen had another thought. The fact that MS was marketing coupons that people/companies could trade in for Novell subscriptions meant that MS was now a Linux allocator and went agai nst the terms of the GPL, and was in fact in violation themselves. So Moglen wrote that if MS continued to issue these coupons after the new GPL takes effect, it would be waiving its right to constitute patent suits against all Linux users. Moglen kept his promise and the new version of the GPL was released that July.Microsoft and Novell proceeded with their deal. But Moglens revisions will prevent other companies from making any more deals like the Novell one. Microsoft hoped that the deal with Novell would be a model it could use it to collect royalties with other companies of free software. So the bridge from MS to FOSS failed, but we are now closer than ever to patent Armageddon. The bridge with MS ask to be burned and the patent system necessitate to be keep out down. Moglen says The free world says that software is the embodiment of whapledge about technology, which needs to be free in the same way that mathematics is free. Everybody is allowed to know as much of it as he wants, regardless of whether he stool pay for it, and everybody can contribute and everybody can share.Works CitedArticle Microsoft takes on the free worldLink http//money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/05/28/100033867/index2.htm

MCI case study

June 1972, copy began building of Its telecommunications network. Funding MN sh atomic number 18s (common stock) SO, In total after commission $27. 1 MN Summon of credit from banks $6. Man from private investors MIMIC withal rely on AT&T facilities to carry calls from its subscribers to MIMIC transmittance centers in each metropolitan area. PAYOFF, MIMIC revenue $6. MN, losses of $38. 7 MN. MIMIC has exhausted its credit from its banks. MIMIC sold shares for $8. MN. 1976, exeunt service. And revenue started roaring. 1976 revenue, 28. N, kickoff profit $100,000 1977, 62. MN Between 1976-1978, lease support of new rooted(p) Investment was the only substantial source of notes available. 1978, withdrawal of the courts exeunt DCE. 1978, habitual market to issue convertible preferred stocks. Preferred offerings allowed MIMIC to get laid its short to intermediate term bank debt and to issue further debt of a longer term kind. 1980, MIMIC provided executions residential customers. Strong growth further constrained only by a lack of investment capital. July, 1980. Leasing actuality decreased.FYI 981 , posit for investment fund Intensified. Offer convertible bonds. Jan. 1982 Antitrust colony amid AT&T and LIST. Department of Justice. AT&T allow for aim to break up before 1984. Economics of scale and scope are important basic call service and value added services. Increase In access charge after the AT&T antitrust gag law 1 . What are the business problems facing MIMIC? After the settlement of antitrust case of AT&T, the differential In access charges will be phased out through charging MIMIC 80% more and this In turn Increased Mis operation expense.MIMIC could lose its cost advantage to the competitors and turn over to decreasing sales and profits. AT might also reduce its equipment casualty to prevent its erosion in market share. AT communications was the briny competitor. MIMIC need dial 20 digits ATT dial 11 digits. 2. How do these business problems translate Into financial backing problems? More we can see the graph, we cut a sharp rise in both external support and internal financing, with external financing even a bit higher(prenominal) than internal financing. 3. To what extent can traditional financing strategies work for MIMIC?It is getting more expensive for MIMIC to acquire further keep through issuing debts and MIMIC will become more questioning if take on further debts If MIMIC simply issue equity, humankind might read this move as the stock has been over charged and directly the regular is trying to push down the price. Thus, the share price of the firm might go down. 4. Based on projected financial statements in the case income statements, balance sheets, and projected capital expenditures calculate Mis projected unavoidably for external financing during the course of studys 1984 through 1988 inclusive, for each year.Analyses the consequences of alternative financing policies of MIMIC during these histo ric period as sequences, such as first debt, and so equity, then debt again as needed on the projected financial condition of MIMIC in the (fiscal) year 1990, in terms of measures such as debt to equity ratios and interest coverage ratios. 5. Suppose that for its initial financing trance of $1 Billion by the end of 1984, MIMIC decides to look at NOW between a Straight Debt issue of 20 year maturity with an interest rate of 12. 5%, with no sinking funds (early repayments), versus a ConvertibleDebt issue of the same size, of notional maturity 20 years with an interest/Coupon rate of 7. 75%, and a conversion price of $ 55 per share. Assume further that IF the conversion option is not exercised inwardly the following 5 years then it would expire (unlike in the case), and this would hide as (cheap) debt. Which of these two debt issues should MIMIC choose in March 1983, to maximise shareholder value? Assume that annual standard deviation of returns on Mis equity value are either 20 % or 30% and that the interest rate on (safe) MIMIC debt equals 12. 5%.

Communispace Essay

Communispace offers a unique branch for administering market research. It offers a view into the minds of the customers of a brand by create brand-focused online communities in invest to enable members to communicate with each other and generate focus groups to treat the product. A biotic community is make as a long-term bemuse it continues to produce valuable information for companies over the course of its existence. The business poser utilized by Communispace helps to provide facilitation and management powered by engineering and innovation.Communispace differentiates itself by focusing on the dodging of building online communities that act as an invaluable resource for testing ideas, generating feedback and exploring customers mindsets. Communispace can begin its analysis deep down 24 hours of launching an online community as it reaches out to a crabbed subset of people that would be most interested in commenting on and speech devising about(predicate) a particular p roduct. A Word of Mouth driving force utilizes a different scheme. A targeted community would receive the product in the mail and would then ideally spread formulate around about the product to friends and neighbors.This campaign, while a beneficial tool for market research, was not a tool that Communispace utilized. There were many competitors that were better at this method. Simmons is a highly recognized FMCG company holding 20 brands that are constitute in over 95% of US households. Simmons wanted to promote its impudent organic product for weight conscious consumers via Communispace using word-of- verbalize. The business job being faced by Communispace was that it could not determine whether it would be undermining its strengths and strategy by taking this type of project or whether it would be ruinous to turn such an influential client down.The case states the communities are built on the foundations of sense of trust and the feeling that their contributions are really making a difference for the company. Communispace built its business on a strategy that reached potential customers by building online communities and did not serve the purpose of receiving a free product and talking about it outside the community. As Julie Wittes Schlack, cured Vice President of Innovation and Design and a cofounder of Communispace points out in the case, the companys growth depended solely on its nerve centre competency.Moreover, ascribable to low entry to barrier into this particular arena of market research, in that respect were many other competitors that had built their competitive advantage on doing word of mouth campaigns. So another problem that Communispace would be to weigh the options of benefits gained by entering into this WOM arena where they have no real advantage versus the trauma they might incur by compromising on their core competency. In my opinion, Communispace should focus on the strategy that has defined them and not sacrifice their ide ntity operator and corporate strategy.From the success and expansion of Communispace it is clear that they have gotten their process for building communities down to a science, thus allowing companies to not only to listen, but learn. Flipping this place on its head not only would completely alter the process in which companies engage in with their community, but it would also make for a far less exact science in what Communispace does? Moreover, word of mouth is something that cant be manufactured to find success repeatedly, kinda it should happen organically and not by force.Hence, making that a core competence for Communispace would prove exceedingly difficult because it is difficult to draw the paygrade of a successful WOM and then repeatedly recreate its success. That is how would Communispace measure the potential of the WOM campaigns? In the present scenario, they can provide their clients with reports and analysis on the conversations in the community, but how would they measure how effective their members are outside the community?though advertising and creative marketing campaigns can spur word of mouth, a community accession would seem as a dishonest approach with a possibility of no results or backfiring on the credibility of the community. This, in turn would hamper the reputation that Communispace enjoys and might be detrimental to its accessible health in the long run as it would incite distrustfulness amongst its community members which might lead to loss of present clients.The intense contender that Communispace will face, the potential loss of credibility of community members when they understand that the community is only for advertisement and the short-lived nature of WOM campaigns, hence, the campaign-fuelled business can demoralise the long-time subscription model are reasons that support the decision to stick to their core run and not digress into an arena that utilises a model that is completely mingled to Communispaces origi nal one.